Background: The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System has created a standardized method of describing breast cytology by grouping them into 5 categories: inadequate, benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant. To validate the likelihood of cancer in the various categories, several investigations have been undertaken at various institutions as a mandate. Aim: The main objective of the research is to identify the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology for breast lumps by the Yokohama system for reporting and its correlation with histopathology.  Methodology:  The present study was a retrospective research performs over 8 month. FANC’s for breast lumps performed by the Yokohama system. Whenever accessible, histopathological diagnoses were also retrieved. Statistical Analysis Used: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy were estimated using a histological diagnosis as the gold standard concerning each of the five categories. Outcomes:  Out of 200 cases 106 had histopathological concordance. Five categories - insufficient, benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant of the IAC Yokohama system were 1.00%, 62.50%, 4.50%, 1.50%, and 30.50% ,Category1(1%), category2 (62.5%), category3 (4.5%), category4(1.5%),category5 (30.5%).   When malignant, suspicious, and unusual cases were taken into account as positive test findings, the highest level of sensitivity (90.60%) was attained. The maximum specificity (100%) was seen when only malignant patients were taken into account as positive test findings, but the highest diagnostic accuracy (96.22%) was shown when the malignant and suspect categories were taken into account as positive test results. Conclusion: FNAC using the Yokohama system for reporting is an accurate diagnostic tool for breast lumps. The system provides a standardized framework for reporting FNAC findings, and studies have reported high sensitivity and specificity rates for diagnosing breast lumps using FNAC. Therefore, FNAC can be used in conjunction with histomorphology to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of breast lumps.

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, with radiotherapy being a key treatment modality. However, radiotherapy often leads to hematological and electrolyte imbalances, adversely impacting patient outcomes. This study aims to assess the impact of radiotherapy on electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride) and hematological parameters (leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets) in prostate cancer patients. The study also compares these effects between curative and palliative treatment groups. Methods: Twenty prostate cancer patients were included in the study, divided into curative (n=10) and palliative (n=10) groups. Blood samples were collected before and after radiotherapy, they were analyzed using the Swelab Alpha analyzer, while electrolyte levels were measured with Jokoh Ex-DS and Roche Integra 400 Plus analyzers. Patients received 3DCRT and VMAT.    Results: Significant differences were observed in calcium (p = 0.018) and phosphate (p = 0.005) levels, with higher values in the curative group. Other electrolytes (magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride) showed no significant changes. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decrease in white blood cells and hemoglobin in the curative group, indicating bone marrow suppression. In contrast, the palliative group demonstrated stable white blood cell levels and increased platelet counts post-treatment. Conclusion: Radiotherapy affects biochemical and hematological parameters differently in curative and palliative settings. Personalized monitoring of these parameters is essential to mitigate complications and improve patient outcomes.

miR-31 is critically involved in the initiation and progression of CRC by regulating multiple pathways essential for tumorigenesis and influencing various cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and chemoresistance. miR-31 also impacts EMT-related transcription factors such as ZEB1, SNAIL, and TWIST, which further facilitate the shift to a mesenchymal state, leading to increased invasiveness and metastatic spread of CRC cells, commonly to organs like the liver, which worsens patient prognosis in the context of apoptosis, miR-31 inhibits pro-apoptotic factors such as BAX and Caspase-3, reducing programmed cell death and allowing cancer cells to survive longer this anti-apoptotic influence is essential for miR-31’s role in chemoresistance, as it enables cancer cells to evade the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Interestingly, despite its primarily oncogenic role, miR-31 has shown context-dependent tumor-suppressive properties in specific genetic or environmental conditions under certain conditions, miR-31 may target oncogenes or reduce the activity of tumor-promoting pathways, although these instances are relatively rare and context-specific, influenced by factors like genetic mutations clinically, miR-31’s expression level is correlated with CRC stage, metastatic capacity, and patient prognosis, indicating its potential utility as a biomarker for risk assessment and prognosis. Elevated miR-31 levels are associated with advanced CRC stages, increased tumor aggressiveness, and poor overall survival, underscoring its relevance in patient management ongoing research is investigating miR-31 inhibitors as a therapeutic option to counteract its oncogenic effects and improve treatment responses by sensitizing CRC cells to chemotherapeutic-induced apoptosis.