Biomarker panel for early detection of uterine cancer
-
Nemali Deepthi Deepthi Priya
,
NANDA KUMAR K V
,
DEVARAJAPPAGARI BINDU
,
KASIREDDY LIKHITHA
,
MEKALA SIVA CHARANI
Abstract
Uterine cancer is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy in developed and developing countries and its incidence is arising every year. Worldwide, approximately 382,000 new cases are diagnosed each year and there are an estimated 90,000 deaths. As endometrial cancer becomes more prominent, the need to develop and characterize biomarkers for early-stage diagnosis and the treatment. We analyze the current state of biomarker utilization for early detection, including their sensitivity and specificity, paving the way for timely interventions. Several biomarkers, including P53, K-RAS, CA-125, HER2/neu, HE4, PTEN, MSI are used for early detection, treatment, and prevention of uterine cancer. Prognostic biomarkers in uterine cancer have emerged as indispensable tools for predicting disease progression and patient outcomes. Endometrial biopsy, CT scan, MRI Scan, Dilation and Curettage, Transvaginal ultrasound are vital for diagnosing and staging of uterine cancer and provide essential information about the cancer’s presence, size, and spread, guiding proper treatment decisions. Various treatments modalities, including surgery, Chemotherapy, targeted therapies are examined. In conclusion, early detection through biomarkers like P53, K-RAS, HER2/neu, PTEN, Serum CA-125 holds great promise for early diagnosis and treatment advancements, and offering hope for improved outcomes and a better quality of life for patients in the future.
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2. Boeckstanes S, Heremans R, Dewaheyns, Timmerman D, et al. [2020], Signs and symptoms associated with uterine cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women, Heliyon, vol-6, [pp] e053-72.
3. Shang X, Yan M, Li X, Wang Q, et al. [2021] Variations in incidence and mortality rates of endometrial cancer at the global, regional, and national levels, Gynecologic Oncology, 161, [ pp] 573-580.
4. Socha W, Malinowski B, Puk O, Wolski B, et al. [2021], C-reactive protein as a diagnostic and prognostic factor of endometrial cancer, Critical Reviews in Oncology / haematology 164, [pp] 103-419.
5. De la Rubia, Martinez- Garcia, Dittmar, Moreno, colas, Cabrera, [2020], Prognostic Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9.
6. Gadducci, Cosio, Genazzani, [2011], Tissue and Serum biomarkers as prognostic variables in endometrioid-type endometrial cancer, Critical reviews in Oncology/Hematology 80, 181-192.
7. Degez M, Caillon H, Lair D, Leroy M, Dochez V, et al. [2021], Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic review of HE4, REM and REM-B, Clinica Chimica Acta 515, 27-36.
8. Kozar N, Goswami N, Arko D, et al. [2021], Identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers in endometrial cancer using targeted metabolomic profiling, Advances in Medical Sciences 66, 46-51.
9. Banno K, Kisu I, Tominaga E, Masuda K, Nomura H, et al. [2012], Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer: Possible clinical applications, Oncol Lett. 3(6), 1175-1180.
10. Tresa A, Sambasivan S, Mathew A, Dinesh D, et al. [2022], Clinical Profile and Survival Outcome of Endometrial Cancer with p53 Mutation, Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 13, 580-586.
11. Tashiro H, Isacson C, Levine R, Kurman R.J., et al. [2009], p53 gene mutations are common in uterine serous carcinoma and occur early in their pathogenesis, 3(5).
12. Barkoh B, Luthra R, Mills B, Hennessy B.T, et al. [2012], Clinical Assessment of PTEN Loss in Endometrial Carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry Out-Performs Gene Sequencing, National Center for Biotechnology Information; 25(5), 699-708.
13. Hutt S, Tailor A, Ellis P. Michael A, et al. [2019], The role of biomarkers in endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: a literature review, Acta Oncologica, vol-58, 3, 342-352.
14. Alrhmoun S, Sennikov S, [2022], The Role of Tumor- Associated Antigen HER2/neu in Tumor Development and the Different Approaches for using it in Treatment: Many Choices and Future Directions, National center for Biotechnology Information, 14(24),5.
15. Zhao D, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhang L, [2022], K-RAS is a prognostic biomarker associated with diagnosis and treatment in multiple cancers, National Center for Biotechnology Information, vol- 13.
16. Sideris M, Emin E, Hollingworth T, Sevas V, [2019], The Role of KRAS in Endometrial Cancer: A Mini-Review, Anticancer Research, 39 (2); 533-539.
17. Wang C, Tran A.D, Sidney W, Melinda Z, [2020], Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER2 Receptor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Journal of Cancer; 11(7),1693-1701.
18. Sinreih M, Knific T, Thomas P, et al. [2018], Membrane progesterone receptors have potential as prognostic biomarkers of endometrial cancer, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 178,303-311.
19. Askel T, Cakir A, Sel G, [2020], Tumor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology Reports, 9, 15-20.
20. Shen F, Gao Y, Chen Q, Ding J, et al. [2017], Is the positivity of estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor different between type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer, Oncotarget, 8(1); 506-511.
21. Yang Y, Yu Sang Z, Fangwu S, Ping zhu Y, [2021], kRAS, YWHAE, SP1 and MSRA as biomarkers in endometrial cancer, National Center for Biotechnology information, 10(3): 1295-1312.
22. Jancik S, Drabek J, Radzioch D et al. [2010], Clinical Relevance of KRAS in Human Cancers, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 8.
23. Rachmawati M, Yulianti H, Hernowo S, Suryanti S, et al. [2019], The correlation of KRAS Gene expression and p53 Immunoexpression in colorectal and endometrial adenocarcinoma, vol- 7(12).
24. Luo H, Huang L, Zhu X, Li K, [2020], Microsatellite instability: a review of what the oncologist should know, Cancer cell International 20, 26.
25. Kunitomi H, Banno K, Yanokura M, Matoba Y, et al. [2017] New use of microsatellite instability analysis in endometrial cancer, Oncology 14(3), 3297-3301.
26. Nithin K, Sridhar MG, Habebullah S, et al. [2018], CA 125 is a better marker to differentiate endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 18(4), 972-978.
27. Aksel T, Cakir A, [2020], Tumor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology Reports, 9, 15-20.
28. Brennan D.J., Oehler K, Spurdle B, Hackethal A, et al. [2014], Serum HE4 as Prognostic marker in endometrial cancer – A population-based study, Gynecologic Oncology, vol-132,1, 159-165.
29. Moore G, Brown K, Badgwell D, Miller M, et al. [2008], Utility of a novel serum tumor biomarker HE4 in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus, Gynecologic Oncology, 110, 196-201.
30. Egle D, Marth C, Hubalek M, Fessler S, et al. [2012], HE4 is an independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer patients, Gynecologic Oncology 126 (2), 186-191.
31. Simmons R, Baggerly K, Bast C.R, [2013], The emerging role of HE4 in the evaluation of advanced epithelial ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, Oncology 27 (6); 548.
32. Hubalek M, Fiegl H, Marth C, Fessler S, et al. [2012], HE4 is an independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer patients, Gynecologic oncology 126 (2), 186-191.
33. Han L, Liu J, Jiao Z, [2021], The diagnostic value of human epididymis protein 4 for endometrial cancer is moderate, scientific Reports 11, 575.
34. Smogeli E, Davidson B, Holth A, Risberg B, et al. [2016], L1CAM as a prognostic marker in stage I endometrial cancer: a validation study, BMC Cancer 16.
35. Bronsert P, Bulten J, Colas E, Walker F, Koskas M, et al. [2016], L1CAM expression in endometrial carcinomas: an ENITEC collaboration study, British Journal of Cancer 115, 716-724.
36. Stelloo E, Edmondson J, Leary A, Mileshkin L, et al. [2016], Prognostic significance of L1CAM expression and its association with mutant p53 expression in high-risk endometrial cancer, Modern Pathology 29, 174-181.
37. Kotoula V, Fountzilas E, Psyrri A, Raptou g, et al. [2019], Prognostic implications of mismatch repair deficiency in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal and endometrial cancer, National Center for Biotechnology Information, vol-4(2), 6.
38. Kim S, Pina A, Albert A, Wolber R, et al. [2018], Does MMR status in endometrial cancer influence response to adjuvant therapy, Gynaecology Oncology, 151 (1): 76-81.
39. Loukovaara M, Pasanen A, Butzow R, [2021], Mismatch Repair Deficiency as a Predictive and prognostic Biomarker in Molecularly Classified Endometrial Carcinoma, Cancers, 13 (13).
40. Berg F, Engerud H, Lien E.H, Woie K, et al. [2022], Mismatch repair markers in preoperative and operative endometrial cancer samples; expression concordance and prognostic value, British Journal of Cancer, 124, 647-655.
41. Long Q, Peng Y, Tang Z, Wu C, [2014], Role of endometrial cancer abnormal MMR protein in screening Lynch- syndrome families, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 7(10), 7297-7303.
42. Ni T, Sun X, Shan B, Wang J, Liu y, et al. [2016], Detection of circulating tumour cells may add value in endometrial cancer management, Obstet Gynaecology Reproduction Biology, 207,1-4.
43. Denschlag D, Ulrich U, Emons G, et al. [2011], The Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer, National center for Biotechnology Information, 108 (34-35), 571-577.
44. Braun M, Grumbo J, Overbeek-Wager A, [2016], Diagnosis and Management of endometrial cancer, AAFP Foundation, 93 (6), 468-474.
45. Shen Y, Yang W, Liu J, Zhang Y, [2023], Minimally invasive approaches for the early detection of endometrial cancer, Molecular Cancer, 53.
46. Bipat S, Glas A, Van der Velden J, et al. [2003], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in staging of uterine cervical carcinoma: a systematic review, Gynecologic Oncology 91 (1), 59-66.
47. Chen H, Strickland L.A, Castrillon H, et al. [2022], Histopathologic diagnosis of endometrial precancer: Updated and future directions, Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, 39, 13-147.
48. Jung Tung H, Jean Huang H, Huey Lai C, [2022], Adjuvant and Post- surgical treatment in endometrial cancer, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 78, 52-63.
49. Lheureux S, Oza M, [2016], Endometrial cancer- targeted therapies myth or reality? Review of current targeted treatments, European Journal of Cancer, 59, 99-108.
50. Ling Lee W, Lee F, Hao Tsui K, Hui wang P, et al. [2012], Hormone therapy for younger patients with endometrial cancer, Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 51, 495-505.
51. Yoder A.K, Lakomy D.S, Wu J, Fellman B, et al. [2023], Impact of Treatment Modality on Quality of Life Among Uterine Cancer Survivors, Clinical Oncology, 35, e215-e226.
52. Berman L, Ballon C, Watring G, et al. [1980], Prognosis and treatment of endometrial cancer, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 136, 679-688.
53. Morcie P, Creutzberg C, Dorai E, [2016], Endometrial Cancer overview, The Lancet, 387, 1094-1108.
54. Barwick T.D, Rockall AG, Barton DP, Sohaib SA, [2006], Imaging of endometrial adenocarcinoma, Clinical radiology 61 (7), 545-555.
55. Bienkowski M, Stokowy T, Jassem J, Rozanski R, et al. [2021], Diagnostic Accuracy of Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer, Cancers, 13(22): 5731.
56. Lundgren C, Gemoll T, Habermann K, Wangsa D, et al. [2011], Genomic instability influences the transcriptome and proteome in endometrial cancer subtypes, Molecular Cancer, vol- 10,132.
57. Yang X, Wang J, [2019], The Role of Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer: A Review, Frontiers in Oncology, 9: 744.
58. Makler A, Asghar W, [2020], Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 20(4): 387-400.
2. Boeckstanes S, Heremans R, Dewaheyns, Timmerman D, et al. [2020], Signs and symptoms associated with uterine cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women, Heliyon, vol-6, [pp] e053-72.
3. Shang X, Yan M, Li X, Wang Q, et al. [2021] Variations in incidence and mortality rates of endometrial cancer at the global, regional, and national levels, Gynecologic Oncology, 161, [ pp] 573-580.
4. Socha W, Malinowski B, Puk O, Wolski B, et al. [2021], C-reactive protein as a diagnostic and prognostic factor of endometrial cancer, Critical Reviews in Oncology / haematology 164, [pp] 103-419.
5. De la Rubia, Martinez- Garcia, Dittmar, Moreno, colas, Cabrera, [2020], Prognostic Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9.
6. Gadducci, Cosio, Genazzani, [2011], Tissue and Serum biomarkers as prognostic variables in endometrioid-type endometrial cancer, Critical reviews in Oncology/Hematology 80, 181-192.
7. Degez M, Caillon H, Lair D, Leroy M, Dochez V, et al. [2021], Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic review of HE4, REM and REM-B, Clinica Chimica Acta 515, 27-36.
8. Kozar N, Goswami N, Arko D, et al. [2021], Identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers in endometrial cancer using targeted metabolomic profiling, Advances in Medical Sciences 66, 46-51.
9. Banno K, Kisu I, Tominaga E, Masuda K, Nomura H, et al. [2012], Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer: Possible clinical applications, Oncol Lett. 3(6), 1175-1180.
10. Tresa A, Sambasivan S, Mathew A, Dinesh D, et al. [2022], Clinical Profile and Survival Outcome of Endometrial Cancer with p53 Mutation, Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 13, 580-586.
11. Tashiro H, Isacson C, Levine R, Kurman R.J., et al. [2009], p53 gene mutations are common in uterine serous carcinoma and occur early in their pathogenesis, 3(5).
12. Barkoh B, Luthra R, Mills B, Hennessy B.T, et al. [2012], Clinical Assessment of PTEN Loss in Endometrial Carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry Out-Performs Gene Sequencing, National Center for Biotechnology Information; 25(5), 699-708.
13. Hutt S, Tailor A, Ellis P. Michael A, et al. [2019], The role of biomarkers in endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: a literature review, Acta Oncologica, vol-58, 3, 342-352.
14. Alrhmoun S, Sennikov S, [2022], The Role of Tumor- Associated Antigen HER2/neu in Tumor Development and the Different Approaches for using it in Treatment: Many Choices and Future Directions, National center for Biotechnology Information, 14(24),5.
15. Zhao D, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhang L, [2022], K-RAS is a prognostic biomarker associated with diagnosis and treatment in multiple cancers, National Center for Biotechnology Information, vol- 13.
16. Sideris M, Emin E, Hollingworth T, Sevas V, [2019], The Role of KRAS in Endometrial Cancer: A Mini-Review, Anticancer Research, 39 (2); 533-539.
17. Wang C, Tran A.D, Sidney W, Melinda Z, [2020], Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER2 Receptor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Journal of Cancer; 11(7),1693-1701.
18. Sinreih M, Knific T, Thomas P, et al. [2018], Membrane progesterone receptors have potential as prognostic biomarkers of endometrial cancer, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 178,303-311.
19. Askel T, Cakir A, Sel G, [2020], Tumor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology Reports, 9, 15-20.
20. Shen F, Gao Y, Chen Q, Ding J, et al. [2017], Is the positivity of estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor different between type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer, Oncotarget, 8(1); 506-511.
21. Yang Y, Yu Sang Z, Fangwu S, Ping zhu Y, [2021], kRAS, YWHAE, SP1 and MSRA as biomarkers in endometrial cancer, National Center for Biotechnology information, 10(3): 1295-1312.
22. Jancik S, Drabek J, Radzioch D et al. [2010], Clinical Relevance of KRAS in Human Cancers, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 8.
23. Rachmawati M, Yulianti H, Hernowo S, Suryanti S, et al. [2019], The correlation of KRAS Gene expression and p53 Immunoexpression in colorectal and endometrial adenocarcinoma, vol- 7(12).
24. Luo H, Huang L, Zhu X, Li K, [2020], Microsatellite instability: a review of what the oncologist should know, Cancer cell International 20, 26.
25. Kunitomi H, Banno K, Yanokura M, Matoba Y, et al. [2017] New use of microsatellite instability analysis in endometrial cancer, Oncology 14(3), 3297-3301.
26. Nithin K, Sridhar MG, Habebullah S, et al. [2018], CA 125 is a better marker to differentiate endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 18(4), 972-978.
27. Aksel T, Cakir A, [2020], Tumor Markers in Endometrial Cancer, Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology Reports, 9, 15-20.
28. Brennan D.J., Oehler K, Spurdle B, Hackethal A, et al. [2014], Serum HE4 as Prognostic marker in endometrial cancer – A population-based study, Gynecologic Oncology, vol-132,1, 159-165.
29. Moore G, Brown K, Badgwell D, Miller M, et al. [2008], Utility of a novel serum tumor biomarker HE4 in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus, Gynecologic Oncology, 110, 196-201.
30. Egle D, Marth C, Hubalek M, Fessler S, et al. [2012], HE4 is an independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer patients, Gynecologic Oncology 126 (2), 186-191.
31. Simmons R, Baggerly K, Bast C.R, [2013], The emerging role of HE4 in the evaluation of advanced epithelial ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, Oncology 27 (6); 548.
32. Hubalek M, Fiegl H, Marth C, Fessler S, et al. [2012], HE4 is an independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer patients, Gynecologic oncology 126 (2), 186-191.
33. Han L, Liu J, Jiao Z, [2021], The diagnostic value of human epididymis protein 4 for endometrial cancer is moderate, scientific Reports 11, 575.
34. Smogeli E, Davidson B, Holth A, Risberg B, et al. [2016], L1CAM as a prognostic marker in stage I endometrial cancer: a validation study, BMC Cancer 16.
35. Bronsert P, Bulten J, Colas E, Walker F, Koskas M, et al. [2016], L1CAM expression in endometrial carcinomas: an ENITEC collaboration study, British Journal of Cancer 115, 716-724.
36. Stelloo E, Edmondson J, Leary A, Mileshkin L, et al. [2016], Prognostic significance of L1CAM expression and its association with mutant p53 expression in high-risk endometrial cancer, Modern Pathology 29, 174-181.
37. Kotoula V, Fountzilas E, Psyrri A, Raptou g, et al. [2019], Prognostic implications of mismatch repair deficiency in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal and endometrial cancer, National Center for Biotechnology Information, vol-4(2), 6.
38. Kim S, Pina A, Albert A, Wolber R, et al. [2018], Does MMR status in endometrial cancer influence response to adjuvant therapy, Gynaecology Oncology, 151 (1): 76-81.
39. Loukovaara M, Pasanen A, Butzow R, [2021], Mismatch Repair Deficiency as a Predictive and prognostic Biomarker in Molecularly Classified Endometrial Carcinoma, Cancers, 13 (13).
40. Berg F, Engerud H, Lien E.H, Woie K, et al. [2022], Mismatch repair markers in preoperative and operative endometrial cancer samples; expression concordance and prognostic value, British Journal of Cancer, 124, 647-655.
41. Long Q, Peng Y, Tang Z, Wu C, [2014], Role of endometrial cancer abnormal MMR protein in screening Lynch- syndrome families, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 7(10), 7297-7303.
42. Ni T, Sun X, Shan B, Wang J, Liu y, et al. [2016], Detection of circulating tumour cells may add value in endometrial cancer management, Obstet Gynaecology Reproduction Biology, 207,1-4.
43. Denschlag D, Ulrich U, Emons G, et al. [2011], The Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer, National center for Biotechnology Information, 108 (34-35), 571-577.
44. Braun M, Grumbo J, Overbeek-Wager A, [2016], Diagnosis and Management of endometrial cancer, AAFP Foundation, 93 (6), 468-474.
45. Shen Y, Yang W, Liu J, Zhang Y, [2023], Minimally invasive approaches for the early detection of endometrial cancer, Molecular Cancer, 53.
46. Bipat S, Glas A, Van der Velden J, et al. [2003], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in staging of uterine cervical carcinoma: a systematic review, Gynecologic Oncology 91 (1), 59-66.
47. Chen H, Strickland L.A, Castrillon H, et al. [2022], Histopathologic diagnosis of endometrial precancer: Updated and future directions, Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, 39, 13-147.
48. Jung Tung H, Jean Huang H, Huey Lai C, [2022], Adjuvant and Post- surgical treatment in endometrial cancer, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 78, 52-63.
49. Lheureux S, Oza M, [2016], Endometrial cancer- targeted therapies myth or reality? Review of current targeted treatments, European Journal of Cancer, 59, 99-108.
50. Ling Lee W, Lee F, Hao Tsui K, Hui wang P, et al. [2012], Hormone therapy for younger patients with endometrial cancer, Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 51, 495-505.
51. Yoder A.K, Lakomy D.S, Wu J, Fellman B, et al. [2023], Impact of Treatment Modality on Quality of Life Among Uterine Cancer Survivors, Clinical Oncology, 35, e215-e226.
52. Berman L, Ballon C, Watring G, et al. [1980], Prognosis and treatment of endometrial cancer, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 136, 679-688.
53. Morcie P, Creutzberg C, Dorai E, [2016], Endometrial Cancer overview, The Lancet, 387, 1094-1108.
54. Barwick T.D, Rockall AG, Barton DP, Sohaib SA, [2006], Imaging of endometrial adenocarcinoma, Clinical radiology 61 (7), 545-555.
55. Bienkowski M, Stokowy T, Jassem J, Rozanski R, et al. [2021], Diagnostic Accuracy of Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer, Cancers, 13(22): 5731.
56. Lundgren C, Gemoll T, Habermann K, Wangsa D, et al. [2011], Genomic instability influences the transcriptome and proteome in endometrial cancer subtypes, Molecular Cancer, vol- 10,132.
57. Yang X, Wang J, [2019], The Role of Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer: A Review, Frontiers in Oncology, 9: 744.
58. Makler A, Asghar W, [2020], Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 20(4): 387-400.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Reviews | |
| Keywords | ||
| Endometrial cancer Uterine Cancer P53 PTEN K-RAS HE4 Prognostic Biomarker Early diagnosis | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Deepthi Priya N, K V NK, BINDU D, LIKHITHA K, CHARANI M. Biomarker panel for early detection of uterine cancer. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2024;15(4):216-224.
