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Background: The etiology of breast cancer and our understanding on the carcinogenicity of different risk factors is impotant for control programms. We investigated the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR), and human epithelial receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and its associations, with environmental risk factors among breast cancer patients.Methods: We classified the patients into four groups including; triple negative (ER–/ PR–/HER2–), HER2-overexpression (ER–/PR–/HER2+), luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+/HER2–) and luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+/HER2+). We used a case-only design and multinomial logistic regression analyses.Results: In premenopausal patients, those with high BMI had lower prevalence of luminal B tumors compared to luminal A groups (OR= 0.42, 95% CI= 0.23 to 0.74). However, in the postmenopausal groups, prevalence of the luminal B tumors was less than luminal A tumors oral contraceptive pill (OCP) users (OR= 0.64, 95% CI= 0.42 to 0.98). In addition, among those who had an older age at menarche had a higher risk of ER2-overexpression tumors compared to luminal A tumors (OR= 2.82, 95% CI= 1.29-6.19).Conclusion: Expression of HER2, ER, and PR, among breast cancer patients seems to be associated with OCP use, BMI, age at menarche and age at first pregnancy.

Background: Self- esteem is defined as confidence in one’s own worth or abilities. Low self- esteem may lead to failure to solve problems or not being able to use one’s abilities. However, due to the chronic nature of this disease, this study was conducted to compare self-esteem in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients and healthy cases.Methods: This is a descriptive-comparative study in which 64 randomly selected idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients referring to Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital in Isfahan along with the same number of healthy people from the patients’ neighborhoods (as the control group) participated. The data collection instrument used in the study was Coppersmith self-esteem inventory which was completed by the subjects. The data were analyzed by SPSS 15 and through using independent T-test, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney tests.Results: The study results showed that 64.1% of the subjects in both the treatment and control groups were older than 35 years old, 59.4% were females, and 53.1% had primary educational degree. Independent T-test showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean score of self-esteem. (p<0.01)Conclusion: Considering patients’ low self-esteem and the fact that their ability to make decisions and control the disease and its treatment have important role in raising their self-esteem, treatment team is responsible to recognize related factors and empower the patients’ self- worth to help them to achieve this goal.

Background: self- esteem is defined as the reliance of one's own abilities. Decrees of self- esteem may lead to fail to solve the problems not being able to use ones abilities. So, this study was done to compare TIP patients' self- esteem with healthy cases. The conduction of this investigation seems to be important, because this disease a chronic type.       Methods: This is a descriptive- comparative study in which 64 patients having ITP and referring to Isfahan's Seiyedo-shohada hospital and 65 healthy people who were neighbors of these patients. They were also selected randomly. The data collection method included questionnaire of Cooper Smiths self- esteem which was completed by the cases. The data analyzed through Spss version 15, and by use of T-independent, K-Squer and Man Withny test. Results: This study's results showed that 64.1, 59.4 and 53.1 percent of the cases in both group were, in turn, over 35 years old. Females and graduated from primary school. T-independent test, showed significant difference between both groups self-esteem average. (p<0.01)Conclusion: Since the self-esteem of the patients is low and patient's decision making ability and their controls over the disease affect their self-esteem important, health and treatment staffs are supposed to recognize significant factors affecting self- valuing feeling and help the patient to promote their self- esteem.

Background: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm which is more frequent in white people. PTCH and p53 are two major tumor suppressor genes which play important roles in pathogenesis of BCC. PTCH is a twelve-pass transmembrane protein. It is an essential component of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway that plays as a receiving receptor for members of the Hedgehog family. PTCH signaling pathway is actively involved in regulation of main processes of growth differentiation, stem cell growth and etiology of cancer. There are three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs17852533, rs200902126 and rs3811553 in the PTCH1 gene; however, their effects on PTCH protein have remained unknown. This study was aimed to analyse the possible association between these SNPs and risk of BCC.Methods: One hundred fifty-three BCC patients in conjunction with 175 healthy controls were selected and matched with each other in terms of age and gender. DNA obtained from each of the groups was subjected to analysis through polymerization chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results: All the studied samples from both the groups were determined to be homozygous for the wild type genotype of the three studied SNPs. There was no significant association between those genetic variants and risk of BCC.Conclusion: Our findings revealed no effect of rs147067171, rs78708791 and rs201125580 variants of the PTCH1 gene on BCC. This indicates that rs147067171, rs78708791 and rs201125580 are not considered as polymorphism among the studied subjects. Perhaps they are mutations associated with other diseases that carry PTCH1 defect such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, trichoepitheliomas, Holoprosencephaly and Medullablastoma.

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world with considerably higher frequency among men than women. Treatment of the disease is possible according to early diagnosis, so identifying useful markers is very important. LSINCT5 (long stress-induced non-coding transcript 5) is a stress-regulated lncRNA involved in response to oxidative stress, also in cell proliferation and cancer development, especially in the presence of tobacco carcinogens. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of LSINCT5 gene polymorphism with the susceptibility of bladder cancer among a group of patients from south of Iran.Methods: 100 patients with bladder cancer and 100 healthy subjects as control group were investigated in this case-control study.Genotyping of the rs2935641 polymorphism was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach. Results: It was found that the single base substitution C to T at the coding region of the LSINCT5 was not significantly associated with bladder cancer. Genotype and allele frequencies distributed evenly among cases and controls, but no TT genotype was seen. History of smoking was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared to controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: Results showed that the LSINCT5 polymorphism was not a key factor in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Tobacco smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for bladder cancer.