Smoking and alcohol, both alone and in combination, for risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review
The effect of alcohol and tobacco on gastric cancer
Abstract
Introduction: Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide in 2020. Moderately increased risk of stomach cancer has been associated with tobacco smoking and Alcohol drinking. In this systematic review, we summarized the current knowledge on the relation between smoking and alcohol, both alone and in combination, to the risk of gastric cancer.Method: This study was conducted in 2023 with a structured overview in the Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) databases. We investigated the studies that were published between 2010 and 2023. In the first step, articles were extracted based on their titles and abstracts; the quality of 58 articles was evaluated using the STORBE tool. Inclusion criteria were the English language (first step), the year of the study, and thestudy type (second step).Results: Of these 39 articles, 17 ones were case-control studies, 21 were cohort studies, one was a descriptive study. eleven articles were related to alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer, twenty-three articles were related to smoking and risk of gastric cancer, and five articles were related to smoking and alcohol consumption in combination and risk of gastric cancer. Many studies reported a significant association between alcohol and gastric cancer risk. Also, three studies showed that smoking acts as a riskfactor for developing gastric cancer only in certain genotypes and not in all people.Conclusion: Based on the best of our knowledge and present studies, consumption of alcohol and smoking are risk factors of gastric cancer. It is better to conduct more studies on this issue in different populations in the future. We also suggest that future studiesfocus more on the intracellular mechanisms of these associations than on epidemiological outcomes.
1. Marqués-Lespier JM, González-Pons M, Cruz-Correa M. Current perspectives on gastric cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2016;45(3):413-28.
2. Lin AS, Shuman JH, Kotnala A, Shaw JA, Beckett AC, Harvey JL, et al. Loss of corpus-specific lipids in helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis. Msphere. 2021;6(6):e00826-21.
3. Poziomyck AK, Cavazzola LT, Coelho LJ, Lameu EB, Weston AC, Moreira LF. Nutritional assessment methods as predictors of postoperative mortality in gastric cancer patients submitted to gastrectomy. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2017;44:482-90.
4. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2018;68(6):394-424.
5. Ang TL. MBBS, FRCP1. Clinical epidemiology of gastric cancer, Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):621-8.
6. Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends—An UpdateGlobal Cancer Rates and Trends—An Update. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2016;25(1):16-27.
7. Arnold M, Park JY, Camargo MC, Lunet N, Forman D, Soerjomataram I. Is gastric cancer becoming a rare disease? A global assessment of predicted incidence trends to 2035. Gut. 2020;69(5):823-9.
8. Heer EV, Harper AS, Sung H, Jemal A, Fidler‐Benaoudia MM. Emerging cancer incidence trends in Canada: The growing burden of young adult cancers. Cancer. 2020;126(20):4553-62.
9. Anderson WF, Rabkin CS, Turner N, Fraumeni Jr JF, Rosenberg PS, Camargo MC. The changing face of noncardia gastric cancer incidence among US non-Hispanic whites. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2018;110(6):608-15.
10. Camargo MC, Anderson WF, King JB, Correa P, Thomas CC, Rosenberg PS, et al. Divergent trends for gastric cancer incidence by anatomical subsite in US adults. Gut. 2011;60(12):1644-9.
11. Zali H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Azodi M. Gastric cancer: prevention, risk factors and treatment. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2011;4(4):175-85.
12. Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base Report on poor survival of U.S. gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy: Fifth Edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging, proximal disease, and the "different disease" hypothesis. Cancer. 2000;88(4):921-32.
13. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Kwiecień S, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, et al. Implications of reactive oxygen species and cytokines in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage by nitric oxide releasing aspirin. International journal of colorectal disease. 2003;18(4):320-9.
14. Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T, Konturek S. Effects of reactive oxygen species action on gastric mucosa in various models of mucosal injury. Journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2002;53(1):39-50.
15. Huh K, Kwon TH, Shin US, Kim WB, Ahn BO, Oh TY, et al. Inhibitory effects of DA-9601 on ethanol-induced gastrohemorrhagic lesions and gastric xanthine oxidase activity in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2003;88(2-3):269-73.
16. Camargo MC, Kim W-H, Chiaravalli AM, Kim K-M, Corvalan AH, Matsuo K, et al. Improved survival of gastric cancer with tumour Epstein–Barr virus positivity: an international pooled analysis. Gut. 2014;63(2):236-43.
17. Silvera SAN, Mayne ST, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Chow W-H, Dubin JA, et al. Diet and lifestyle factors and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancers: classification tree analysis. Annals of epidemiology. 2014;24(1):50-7.
18. Inoue M, Tajima K, Hirose K, Kuroishi T, Gao CM, Kitoh T. Life-style and subsite of gastric cancer--joint effect of smoking and drinking habits. Int J Cancer. 1994;56(4):494-9.
19. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S, Group JPHCS. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and subsequent gastric cancer risk by subsite and histologic type. International journal of cancer. 2002;101(6):560-6.
20. Trédaniel J, Boffetta P, Buiatti E, Saracci R, Hirsch A. Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: review and meta‐analysis. International journal of cancer. 1997;72(4):565-73.
21. Dong J, Thrift AP. Alcohol, smoking and risk of oesophago-gastric cancer. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology. 2017;31(5):509-17.
22. Peng Q, Chen H, Huo JR. Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: A novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. Oncology letters. 2016;11(5):3231-9.
23. Talamini R, Polesel J, Gallus S, Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, Negri E, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: a case-control study in Italy. European journal of cancer. 2010;46(2):370-6.
24. Scherübl H. Alcohol use and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Visceral Medicine. 2020;36(3):175-81.
25. Moy KA, Fan Y, Wang R, Gao Y-T, Yu MC, Yuan J-M. Alcohol and tobacco use in relation to gastric cancer: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2010;19(9):2287-97.
26. Tornese S, Aiolfi A, Bonitta G, Rausa E, Guerrazzi G, Bruni PG, et al. Remnant gastric cancer after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: narrative review of the literature. Obesity surgery. 2019;29(8):2609-13.
27. Li Y, Eshak ES, Shirai K, Liu K, JY D, Iso H, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer: the Japan collaborative cohort study. Journal of epidemiology. 2021;31(1):30-6.
28. Everatt R, Tamosiunas A, Kuzmickiene I, Virviciute D, Radisauskas R, Reklaitiene R, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer: a cohort study of men in Kaunas, Lithuania, with up to 30 years follow-up. BMC cancer. 2012;12(1):1-11.
29. Kim MH, Kim SA, Park CH, Eun CS, Han DS, Kim YS, et al. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in Korea: a case-control study. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2019;13(5):425-33.
30. Yoo JE, Shin DW, Han K, Kim D, Jeong S-M, Koo HY, et al. Association of the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption with gastrointestinal cancer. JAMA network open. 2021;4(8):e2120382-e.
31. Shin CM, Kim N, Cho S-I, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Association between alcohol intake and risk for gastric cancer with regard to ALDH2 genotype in the Korean population. International journal of epidemiology. 2011;40(4):1047-55.
32. Duell EJ, Travier N, Lujan-Barroso L, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Morois S, et al. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;94(5):1266-75.
33. Hidaka A, Sasazuki S, Matsuo K, Ito H, Sawada N, Shimazu T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C and ALDH2, alcohol consumption, and the risk of gastric cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Carcinogenesis. 2015;36(2):223-31.
34. Zhang Y, Wu H, Yang F, Ning J, Li M, Zhao C, et al. Prognostic value of the expression of DNA repair–related biomarkers mediated by alcohol in gastric cancer patients. The American Journal of Pathology. 2018;188(2):367-77.
35. Kim SA, Choi BY, Song KS, Park CH, Eun CS, Han DS, et al. Prediagnostic smoking and alcohol drinking and gastric cancer survival: a Korean prospective cohort study. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology. 2019;73(3):141-51.
36. Lee H-W, Huang D, Shin W-K, de la Torre K, Song M, Shin A, et al. Frequent low dose alcohol intake increases gastric cancer risk: the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study. Cancer biology & medicine. 2022:j. issn. 2095-3941.2021. 0642.
37. Choi YJ, Lee DH, Han K-D, Kim HS, Yoon H, Shin CM, et al. The relationship between drinking alcohol and esophageal, gastric or colorectal cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study of South Korea. PloS one. 2017;12(10):e0185778.
38. Ma S-H, Jung W, Weiderpass E, Jang J, Hwang Y, Ahn C, et al. Impact of alcohol drinking on gastric cancer development according to Helicobacter pylori infection status. British journal of cancer. 2015;113(9):1381-8.
39. Lai HTM, Koriyama C, Tokudome S, Tran HH, Tran LT, Nandakumar A, et al. Waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer risk among Vietnamese men. PloS one. 2016;11(11):e0165587.
40. Smyth E, Capanu M, Janjigian Y, Kelsen D, Coit D, Strong V, et al. Tobacco use is associated with increased recurrence and death from gastric cancer. Annals of surgical oncology. 2012;19(7):2088-94.
41. Le HX, Truong DTT, Tran LB, Le PH, Pham BUD, Wada K, et al. A prospective cohort study on the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer mortality in Northern Vietnam. BMC cancer. 2022;22(1):1-11.
42. Lakhanpal M, Yadav DS, Devi TR, Singh LC, Singh KJ, Latha SP, et al. Association of interleukin-1β–511 C/T polymorphism with tobacco-associated cancer in northeast India: a study on oral and gastric cancer. Cancer genetics. 2014;207(1-2):1-11.
43. Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, et al. p53 codon 72 polymorphism interactions with dietary and tobacco related habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(2):717-23.
44. Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, et al. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, tobacco habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012;13(9):4725-32.
45. Sengngam K, Hoc TH, Phuoc LH, Hang DV, Ngoan LT. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in the Development of Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2022;23(4):1199-206.
46. Jayalekshmi PA, Hassani S, Nandakumar A, Koriyama C, Sebastian P, Akiba S. Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in Kerala, India-Karunagappally cohort study. World journal of gastroenterology. 2015;21(44):12676.
47. Liu X, Cai H, Yu L, Huang H, Long Z, Wang Y. Prognostic significance of cancer family history for patients with gastric cancer: a single center experience from China. Oncotarget. 2016;7(24):37305.
48. Razavi S, Mahmoodi H, Pandari HR, Sarbakhsh P, Shaghaghi A. Development and psychometric testing of a Gastric Cancer Behavioural Risk Assessment Inventory (GC-BRAI). Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2021;27(1):50-8.
49. Barad AK, Mandal SK, Harsha HS, Sharma BM, Singh TS. Gastric cancer—a clinicopathological study in a tertiary care centre of North-eastern India. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2014;5(2):142.
50. Nemati A, Mahdavi R, Baghi AN. Case-control study of dietary pattern and other risk factors for gastric cancer. Health promotion perspectives. 2012;2(1):20.
51. Canseco-Ávila L, Zamudio-Castellanos F, Sánchez-González R, Trujillo-Vizuet M, Domínguez-Arrevillaga S, López-López C. Gastric cancer epidemiology in tertiary healthcare in Chiapas. Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition). 2019;84(3):310-6.
2. Lin AS, Shuman JH, Kotnala A, Shaw JA, Beckett AC, Harvey JL, et al. Loss of corpus-specific lipids in helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis. Msphere. 2021;6(6):e00826-21.
3. Poziomyck AK, Cavazzola LT, Coelho LJ, Lameu EB, Weston AC, Moreira LF. Nutritional assessment methods as predictors of postoperative mortality in gastric cancer patients submitted to gastrectomy. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2017;44:482-90.
4. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2018;68(6):394-424.
5. Ang TL. MBBS, FRCP1. Clinical epidemiology of gastric cancer, Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):621-8.
6. Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends—An UpdateGlobal Cancer Rates and Trends—An Update. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2016;25(1):16-27.
7. Arnold M, Park JY, Camargo MC, Lunet N, Forman D, Soerjomataram I. Is gastric cancer becoming a rare disease? A global assessment of predicted incidence trends to 2035. Gut. 2020;69(5):823-9.
8. Heer EV, Harper AS, Sung H, Jemal A, Fidler‐Benaoudia MM. Emerging cancer incidence trends in Canada: The growing burden of young adult cancers. Cancer. 2020;126(20):4553-62.
9. Anderson WF, Rabkin CS, Turner N, Fraumeni Jr JF, Rosenberg PS, Camargo MC. The changing face of noncardia gastric cancer incidence among US non-Hispanic whites. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2018;110(6):608-15.
10. Camargo MC, Anderson WF, King JB, Correa P, Thomas CC, Rosenberg PS, et al. Divergent trends for gastric cancer incidence by anatomical subsite in US adults. Gut. 2011;60(12):1644-9.
11. Zali H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Azodi M. Gastric cancer: prevention, risk factors and treatment. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2011;4(4):175-85.
12. Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base Report on poor survival of U.S. gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy: Fifth Edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging, proximal disease, and the "different disease" hypothesis. Cancer. 2000;88(4):921-32.
13. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Kwiecień S, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, et al. Implications of reactive oxygen species and cytokines in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage by nitric oxide releasing aspirin. International journal of colorectal disease. 2003;18(4):320-9.
14. Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T, Konturek S. Effects of reactive oxygen species action on gastric mucosa in various models of mucosal injury. Journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2002;53(1):39-50.
15. Huh K, Kwon TH, Shin US, Kim WB, Ahn BO, Oh TY, et al. Inhibitory effects of DA-9601 on ethanol-induced gastrohemorrhagic lesions and gastric xanthine oxidase activity in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2003;88(2-3):269-73.
16. Camargo MC, Kim W-H, Chiaravalli AM, Kim K-M, Corvalan AH, Matsuo K, et al. Improved survival of gastric cancer with tumour Epstein–Barr virus positivity: an international pooled analysis. Gut. 2014;63(2):236-43.
17. Silvera SAN, Mayne ST, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Chow W-H, Dubin JA, et al. Diet and lifestyle factors and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancers: classification tree analysis. Annals of epidemiology. 2014;24(1):50-7.
18. Inoue M, Tajima K, Hirose K, Kuroishi T, Gao CM, Kitoh T. Life-style and subsite of gastric cancer--joint effect of smoking and drinking habits. Int J Cancer. 1994;56(4):494-9.
19. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S, Group JPHCS. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and subsequent gastric cancer risk by subsite and histologic type. International journal of cancer. 2002;101(6):560-6.
20. Trédaniel J, Boffetta P, Buiatti E, Saracci R, Hirsch A. Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: review and meta‐analysis. International journal of cancer. 1997;72(4):565-73.
21. Dong J, Thrift AP. Alcohol, smoking and risk of oesophago-gastric cancer. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology. 2017;31(5):509-17.
22. Peng Q, Chen H, Huo JR. Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: A novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. Oncology letters. 2016;11(5):3231-9.
23. Talamini R, Polesel J, Gallus S, Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, Negri E, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: a case-control study in Italy. European journal of cancer. 2010;46(2):370-6.
24. Scherübl H. Alcohol use and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Visceral Medicine. 2020;36(3):175-81.
25. Moy KA, Fan Y, Wang R, Gao Y-T, Yu MC, Yuan J-M. Alcohol and tobacco use in relation to gastric cancer: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2010;19(9):2287-97.
26. Tornese S, Aiolfi A, Bonitta G, Rausa E, Guerrazzi G, Bruni PG, et al. Remnant gastric cancer after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: narrative review of the literature. Obesity surgery. 2019;29(8):2609-13.
27. Li Y, Eshak ES, Shirai K, Liu K, JY D, Iso H, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer: the Japan collaborative cohort study. Journal of epidemiology. 2021;31(1):30-6.
28. Everatt R, Tamosiunas A, Kuzmickiene I, Virviciute D, Radisauskas R, Reklaitiene R, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer: a cohort study of men in Kaunas, Lithuania, with up to 30 years follow-up. BMC cancer. 2012;12(1):1-11.
29. Kim MH, Kim SA, Park CH, Eun CS, Han DS, Kim YS, et al. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in Korea: a case-control study. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2019;13(5):425-33.
30. Yoo JE, Shin DW, Han K, Kim D, Jeong S-M, Koo HY, et al. Association of the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption with gastrointestinal cancer. JAMA network open. 2021;4(8):e2120382-e.
31. Shin CM, Kim N, Cho S-I, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Association between alcohol intake and risk for gastric cancer with regard to ALDH2 genotype in the Korean population. International journal of epidemiology. 2011;40(4):1047-55.
32. Duell EJ, Travier N, Lujan-Barroso L, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Morois S, et al. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;94(5):1266-75.
33. Hidaka A, Sasazuki S, Matsuo K, Ito H, Sawada N, Shimazu T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C and ALDH2, alcohol consumption, and the risk of gastric cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Carcinogenesis. 2015;36(2):223-31.
34. Zhang Y, Wu H, Yang F, Ning J, Li M, Zhao C, et al. Prognostic value of the expression of DNA repair–related biomarkers mediated by alcohol in gastric cancer patients. The American Journal of Pathology. 2018;188(2):367-77.
35. Kim SA, Choi BY, Song KS, Park CH, Eun CS, Han DS, et al. Prediagnostic smoking and alcohol drinking and gastric cancer survival: a Korean prospective cohort study. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology. 2019;73(3):141-51.
36. Lee H-W, Huang D, Shin W-K, de la Torre K, Song M, Shin A, et al. Frequent low dose alcohol intake increases gastric cancer risk: the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study. Cancer biology & medicine. 2022:j. issn. 2095-3941.2021. 0642.
37. Choi YJ, Lee DH, Han K-D, Kim HS, Yoon H, Shin CM, et al. The relationship between drinking alcohol and esophageal, gastric or colorectal cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study of South Korea. PloS one. 2017;12(10):e0185778.
38. Ma S-H, Jung W, Weiderpass E, Jang J, Hwang Y, Ahn C, et al. Impact of alcohol drinking on gastric cancer development according to Helicobacter pylori infection status. British journal of cancer. 2015;113(9):1381-8.
39. Lai HTM, Koriyama C, Tokudome S, Tran HH, Tran LT, Nandakumar A, et al. Waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer risk among Vietnamese men. PloS one. 2016;11(11):e0165587.
40. Smyth E, Capanu M, Janjigian Y, Kelsen D, Coit D, Strong V, et al. Tobacco use is associated with increased recurrence and death from gastric cancer. Annals of surgical oncology. 2012;19(7):2088-94.
41. Le HX, Truong DTT, Tran LB, Le PH, Pham BUD, Wada K, et al. A prospective cohort study on the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer mortality in Northern Vietnam. BMC cancer. 2022;22(1):1-11.
42. Lakhanpal M, Yadav DS, Devi TR, Singh LC, Singh KJ, Latha SP, et al. Association of interleukin-1β–511 C/T polymorphism with tobacco-associated cancer in northeast India: a study on oral and gastric cancer. Cancer genetics. 2014;207(1-2):1-11.
43. Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, et al. p53 codon 72 polymorphism interactions with dietary and tobacco related habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(2):717-23.
44. Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, et al. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, tobacco habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012;13(9):4725-32.
45. Sengngam K, Hoc TH, Phuoc LH, Hang DV, Ngoan LT. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in the Development of Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2022;23(4):1199-206.
46. Jayalekshmi PA, Hassani S, Nandakumar A, Koriyama C, Sebastian P, Akiba S. Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in Kerala, India-Karunagappally cohort study. World journal of gastroenterology. 2015;21(44):12676.
47. Liu X, Cai H, Yu L, Huang H, Long Z, Wang Y. Prognostic significance of cancer family history for patients with gastric cancer: a single center experience from China. Oncotarget. 2016;7(24):37305.
48. Razavi S, Mahmoodi H, Pandari HR, Sarbakhsh P, Shaghaghi A. Development and psychometric testing of a Gastric Cancer Behavioural Risk Assessment Inventory (GC-BRAI). Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2021;27(1):50-8.
49. Barad AK, Mandal SK, Harsha HS, Sharma BM, Singh TS. Gastric cancer—a clinicopathological study in a tertiary care centre of North-eastern India. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2014;5(2):142.
50. Nemati A, Mahdavi R, Baghi AN. Case-control study of dietary pattern and other risk factors for gastric cancer. Health promotion perspectives. 2012;2(1):20.
51. Canseco-Ávila L, Zamudio-Castellanos F, Sánchez-González R, Trujillo-Vizuet M, Domínguez-Arrevillaga S, López-López C. Gastric cancer epidemiology in tertiary healthcare in Chiapas. Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition). 2019;84(3):310-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Reviews | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v14i2.14380 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Alcohol smoking Gastric cancer Stomach neoplasms Epidemiology | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hosseinie fatemeh, Farhanji M, Meshkinyazd A, khakzad M. Smoking and alcohol, both alone and in combination, for risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2023;14(2):123-138.
