The Relationship between Resilience and Mindfulness with Psychological Strength in Cancer Patients: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between resilience and mindfulness with psychological strength mediated by self- compassion in cancer patients. The method of this research is descriptive and the correlational research design is structural equation modeling. The statistical population in this study included cancer patients in 1399 who were selected by purposive sampling. The sample consisted of 200 cancer patients (male and female) referred to the Oncology Clinical Center of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran. To collect data from the Freiburg, Suez et al. (2011) Short Form of Mindfulness Mind Scale, the Resilience Scale Form (Wagtild Wiang 2009), and the Compassion Scale Form (Reese et al. Et al., 2011), and Klaf (2002) Mental Strength Scale were use. Bootstrap method was used to analyze the intermediate relationships. The results showed that the direct effect of resilience and mindfulness on self-compassion was significant with coefficients of (0.18), (0.21). The direct effect of mindfulness on psychological strength, (0.10) was not significant, but the direct effect of resilience on psychological strength (0.089) was significant. The indirect effects of resilience and mindfulness on psychological strength with mediating role of self- compassion were significant respectively with coefficients (0.13) and (0.39).The results of the research have practical implications for health professionals and psychologists and it can be concluded that self-control through self-compassion has an effect on the emotional well-being of cancer patients.
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3-American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. Atlanta: American cancer society 2019.
4-Tel H, Dogan S. Fatigue, anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 2011; 17 (2): 42-45.
5-Basharpoor S, Amani,Sh; Narimani M. The Effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy on Improving Posttraumatic Symptoms and Interpersonal Reactivity in Patients with Cancer. Rehabilitation 2019; 20 (3): 43-53.
6-Papageorgiou, KA, Wong B, & Clough PJ. Beyond good and evil: Exploring the mediating role of mental toughness on the Dark Triad of personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences 2017; 119: 19–23.
7-Zautra AJ, Hall JS, & Murray KE. Resilience: A new definition of health for people and communities. In: Reich, J, W., Zautra. A.J., & Hall, J.S. Hnadbook of adult resilience. The Guilford Press, New York, London 2010.
8-Gattsman J. Running Head: Secondry Traumatic Stress and Resilience. Doctoral Dissertation of Psychology, University of the Rockies 2008.
9-Feizi S.The Relationship between Resilience and Emotional Regulation with mental strength among university students; Master Thesis in Psychology, Bonab Payame Noor University 2017.
10-Emanuel AS, Updegraff JA, kalmbach AD, Ciesla JA. The role of mindfulness facets in affective forecasting. personality and individual difference 2010; 49: 815-818
11-Siegel RD. The mindfulness solution (every day practices for every day problem, New York:Guilford 2012.
12-Kols N, Sauer S, &Walach H. Facet of mindfulness – Results of an online study investigating the Freiburg mindfulness inventory. Personality and Individual differences 2009; 46: 224-230.
13-Bester E, Naidoo P, & Botha A. The role of mindfulnwess in the relationship between life satisfaction and spiritual wellbeing among the eldery. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk 2016; 51(2): 244-265.
14-Khodabakhsh Pirkalani R, Ramezan Saatchi L, Malaki Majd M. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Depression, Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy in Elderly Women. Gerontology 2018; 3 (3): 11-20.
15-Foroozandeh A, Entezari S. Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Resilience and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation among Divorced Women in Tehran. Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies 2020; 11 (31): 25-42.
16-Jafari Shalkoohi A, Asadi Majreh S, Akbari B. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Resiliency and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Pregnant Women. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology 2020; (80) 21: 43-53.
17-Ariapooran S, Godarzi AH. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Competitive Anxiety and Mental Toughness in Wrestler Adolescents. Sports Psychology Studies 2002; 10 (35): 143-166.
18-Zarei S. The Mediating Role of Mindfulness in Relation Hardiness and Forgiveness and Marital Adjustment Married Women in Tehran. Developmental Psychology 2019; 5 (8): 179-186.
19-Wu CH, Nien JT, Lin CY, Nien YH, Kuan G, Wu TY, ... & Chang YK. Relationship between Mindfulness, Psychological Skills, and Mental Toughness in College Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021; 18(13): 6802.
20-Pang D, & Ruch W. The mutual support model of mindfulness and character strengths. Mindfulness 2019; 10(8): 1545-1559.
21-Wilson D, Bennett EV, Mosewich AD, Faulkner GE, & Crocker PR. “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2019; 40: 61-70.
22-Marsh IC, Chan SWY, & MacBeth A. Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents—a meta-analysis. Mindfulness 2018; 9: 1011–1027.
23-Castilho P, Carvalho SA, Marques S, & Pinto-Gouveia J. Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in adolescence: a multigroup mediational study of the impact of shame memories on depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2017; 26(3): 759–768.
24-Neff KD. The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness 2016; 7(1): 264–274.
25-Mohammadi A, Roshan Chelsi R. The Relationship between Self-Compassion and Mindfulness: A Study of the Explanatory Effect of Mindfulness Components, 7th International Conference on New Research Achievements in Educational Sciences, Psychology and Social Sciences, Isfahan 2020.
26-Rasaei S. Predicting self-compassion, based on mindfulness and psychological well-being of students of Hamadan Islamic Azad University; Applied Studies in Social Sciences and Sociology 2020; 3 (4): 55-64.
27-Kotera Y, Green P, & Sheffield D. Positive Psychology for Mental Wellbeing of UK Therapeutic Students: Relationships with Engagement, Motivation, Resilience and Self-Compassion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021, 1-16.
28-Lefebvre JI, Montani F, & Courcy F. Self-compassion and resilience at work: A practice-oriented review. Advances in Developing Human Resources 2020, 22(4); 437-452.
29-McArthur M, Mansfield C, Matthew S, Zaki S, Brand C, Andrews J, & Hazel S. Resilience in veterinary students and the predictive role of mindfulness and self-compassion. Journal of veterinary medical education 2017; 44(1): 106-115.
30-Kline R. Data preparation and psychometrics review. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed., pp. 64-96). New York, NY: Guilford 2016.
31-Conner KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety 2003; 18: 76-82.
32-Wagnild GM. The Resilience Scale user’s guide for the US English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-Item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Worden, MT: The Resilience Center 2009, Available from: URL; http:// WWW.
33-Mohammadi M. Resilience Factors In Individuals At Risk For Substance Abuse. PhD Thesis, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran 2005.
34-Sauer S, Walach H, Offenbacher M, Lynch S, Kohls N. Measuring Mindfulness: A Rasch Analysis of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Religions 2011; 2: 693-706.
35-Ghasemi Jobaneh R, Arab Zadeh M, Jalili Nikoo S, Mohammad Alipoor Z, Mohsenzadeh F. Survey the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Short Form of Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015; 14 (2): 15-17.
36-Ghasemi nezhad MA, Abolghasemi A, Hajloo N, Narimani M. The Role Of Mindfulness and Psychological Well-being In Predicting The Mental Toughness in Athlete Students. Culture in Islamic University 2017; 7 (23): 169-182.
37-Neff KD, Long P, Knox MC, Davidson O, Kuchar A, Costigan A, ... & Breines J G. The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning. Self and Identity 2018; 17(6); 627-645.
38-Raes F, Pommier E, Neff KD, Van GD. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the SelfCompassion Scale. Clin Psychol Psychother 2011; 18: 250-255.
39-Khanjani S, Foroughi AA, Sadeghi Kh, Bahrainian A. Psychometric properties of Iranian version of self-compassion scale (short form). Researcher 2016; 21 (5): 282-289.
40-kord B, Pashasharifi H.Psychometric characteristics self-compassion scale among students. Journal of Educational Measurement 2014; 4 (16): 27-38.
41-Clough P, Earle K, & Sewell D. Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In: I. Cockerill, (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-45). Thomson, London 2002.
42- Abedanzadeh R, Parsaei S, Purkargar E. Relationship between mental toughness and psychological well-being in students: the intermediate role of physical activity. Sports Psychology 2017; 2(2): 13-24.
43-Blunch N. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Sage 2012; 24-32.
44-Cowden RG, Meyer-Weitz A, & Oppong Asante K. Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in psychology 2016; 7: 320.
45-Gerber M, Kalak N, Lemola S, Clough PJ, Perry JL, Puhse U, …& Brand S. Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress?. Stress and Health 2013; 29(2): 164-171.
46-Mohammadi Sh, Yarigar Ravesh M, Danesh A. The relationship between self-compassion, resilience and risky behaviors in adolescents. The Second National Conference on Social Injuries, Ardabil 2019.
47-Wilson AC, Mackintosh K, Power K, Chan SWY. Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis .Mindfulness 2019; 10: 979.
48-Kolts RL. CFT made simple: a clinician's guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications 2016.
49-Goebel S, & Mehdorn HM. Fear of disease progression in adult ambulatory patients with brain cancer: prevalence and clinical correlates. Supportive Care in Cancer 2019; 27(9):3521-3529.
50-Sakeni Z, Farahani S, Eshaghi Moghaddam F, RafieePour A, Jafari T, Lotfi P. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Improving the Experience of Anger and Self-Compassion in Cancer Patients. Clinical Psychology Studies 2019; 9 (36): 1-23.
51-Barczak N, & Eklund RC. The moderating effect of self-compassion on relationships between performance and subsequent coping and motivation. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2018: 1-13.
2-Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Current cancer epidemiology. J Epidemiol Global Health 2019; 9(4): 217–22.
3-American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. Atlanta: American cancer society 2019.
4-Tel H, Dogan S. Fatigue, anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 2011; 17 (2): 42-45.
5-Basharpoor S, Amani,Sh; Narimani M. The Effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy on Improving Posttraumatic Symptoms and Interpersonal Reactivity in Patients with Cancer. Rehabilitation 2019; 20 (3): 43-53.
6-Papageorgiou, KA, Wong B, & Clough PJ. Beyond good and evil: Exploring the mediating role of mental toughness on the Dark Triad of personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences 2017; 119: 19–23.
7-Zautra AJ, Hall JS, & Murray KE. Resilience: A new definition of health for people and communities. In: Reich, J, W., Zautra. A.J., & Hall, J.S. Hnadbook of adult resilience. The Guilford Press, New York, London 2010.
8-Gattsman J. Running Head: Secondry Traumatic Stress and Resilience. Doctoral Dissertation of Psychology, University of the Rockies 2008.
9-Feizi S.The Relationship between Resilience and Emotional Regulation with mental strength among university students; Master Thesis in Psychology, Bonab Payame Noor University 2017.
10-Emanuel AS, Updegraff JA, kalmbach AD, Ciesla JA. The role of mindfulness facets in affective forecasting. personality and individual difference 2010; 49: 815-818
11-Siegel RD. The mindfulness solution (every day practices for every day problem, New York:Guilford 2012.
12-Kols N, Sauer S, &Walach H. Facet of mindfulness – Results of an online study investigating the Freiburg mindfulness inventory. Personality and Individual differences 2009; 46: 224-230.
13-Bester E, Naidoo P, & Botha A. The role of mindfulnwess in the relationship between life satisfaction and spiritual wellbeing among the eldery. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk 2016; 51(2): 244-265.
14-Khodabakhsh Pirkalani R, Ramezan Saatchi L, Malaki Majd M. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Depression, Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy in Elderly Women. Gerontology 2018; 3 (3): 11-20.
15-Foroozandeh A, Entezari S. Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Resilience and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation among Divorced Women in Tehran. Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies 2020; 11 (31): 25-42.
16-Jafari Shalkoohi A, Asadi Majreh S, Akbari B. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Resiliency and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Pregnant Women. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology 2020; (80) 21: 43-53.
17-Ariapooran S, Godarzi AH. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Competitive Anxiety and Mental Toughness in Wrestler Adolescents. Sports Psychology Studies 2002; 10 (35): 143-166.
18-Zarei S. The Mediating Role of Mindfulness in Relation Hardiness and Forgiveness and Marital Adjustment Married Women in Tehran. Developmental Psychology 2019; 5 (8): 179-186.
19-Wu CH, Nien JT, Lin CY, Nien YH, Kuan G, Wu TY, ... & Chang YK. Relationship between Mindfulness, Psychological Skills, and Mental Toughness in College Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021; 18(13): 6802.
20-Pang D, & Ruch W. The mutual support model of mindfulness and character strengths. Mindfulness 2019; 10(8): 1545-1559.
21-Wilson D, Bennett EV, Mosewich AD, Faulkner GE, & Crocker PR. “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2019; 40: 61-70.
22-Marsh IC, Chan SWY, & MacBeth A. Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents—a meta-analysis. Mindfulness 2018; 9: 1011–1027.
23-Castilho P, Carvalho SA, Marques S, & Pinto-Gouveia J. Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in adolescence: a multigroup mediational study of the impact of shame memories on depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2017; 26(3): 759–768.
24-Neff KD. The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness 2016; 7(1): 264–274.
25-Mohammadi A, Roshan Chelsi R. The Relationship between Self-Compassion and Mindfulness: A Study of the Explanatory Effect of Mindfulness Components, 7th International Conference on New Research Achievements in Educational Sciences, Psychology and Social Sciences, Isfahan 2020.
26-Rasaei S. Predicting self-compassion, based on mindfulness and psychological well-being of students of Hamadan Islamic Azad University; Applied Studies in Social Sciences and Sociology 2020; 3 (4): 55-64.
27-Kotera Y, Green P, & Sheffield D. Positive Psychology for Mental Wellbeing of UK Therapeutic Students: Relationships with Engagement, Motivation, Resilience and Self-Compassion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021, 1-16.
28-Lefebvre JI, Montani F, & Courcy F. Self-compassion and resilience at work: A practice-oriented review. Advances in Developing Human Resources 2020, 22(4); 437-452.
29-McArthur M, Mansfield C, Matthew S, Zaki S, Brand C, Andrews J, & Hazel S. Resilience in veterinary students and the predictive role of mindfulness and self-compassion. Journal of veterinary medical education 2017; 44(1): 106-115.
30-Kline R. Data preparation and psychometrics review. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed., pp. 64-96). New York, NY: Guilford 2016.
31-Conner KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety 2003; 18: 76-82.
32-Wagnild GM. The Resilience Scale user’s guide for the US English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-Item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Worden, MT: The Resilience Center 2009, Available from: URL; http:// WWW.
33-Mohammadi M. Resilience Factors In Individuals At Risk For Substance Abuse. PhD Thesis, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran 2005.
34-Sauer S, Walach H, Offenbacher M, Lynch S, Kohls N. Measuring Mindfulness: A Rasch Analysis of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Religions 2011; 2: 693-706.
35-Ghasemi Jobaneh R, Arab Zadeh M, Jalili Nikoo S, Mohammad Alipoor Z, Mohsenzadeh F. Survey the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Short Form of Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015; 14 (2): 15-17.
36-Ghasemi nezhad MA, Abolghasemi A, Hajloo N, Narimani M. The Role Of Mindfulness and Psychological Well-being In Predicting The Mental Toughness in Athlete Students. Culture in Islamic University 2017; 7 (23): 169-182.
37-Neff KD, Long P, Knox MC, Davidson O, Kuchar A, Costigan A, ... & Breines J G. The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning. Self and Identity 2018; 17(6); 627-645.
38-Raes F, Pommier E, Neff KD, Van GD. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the SelfCompassion Scale. Clin Psychol Psychother 2011; 18: 250-255.
39-Khanjani S, Foroughi AA, Sadeghi Kh, Bahrainian A. Psychometric properties of Iranian version of self-compassion scale (short form). Researcher 2016; 21 (5): 282-289.
40-kord B, Pashasharifi H.Psychometric characteristics self-compassion scale among students. Journal of Educational Measurement 2014; 4 (16): 27-38.
41-Clough P, Earle K, & Sewell D. Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In: I. Cockerill, (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-45). Thomson, London 2002.
42- Abedanzadeh R, Parsaei S, Purkargar E. Relationship between mental toughness and psychological well-being in students: the intermediate role of physical activity. Sports Psychology 2017; 2(2): 13-24.
43-Blunch N. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Sage 2012; 24-32.
44-Cowden RG, Meyer-Weitz A, & Oppong Asante K. Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in psychology 2016; 7: 320.
45-Gerber M, Kalak N, Lemola S, Clough PJ, Perry JL, Puhse U, …& Brand S. Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress?. Stress and Health 2013; 29(2): 164-171.
46-Mohammadi Sh, Yarigar Ravesh M, Danesh A. The relationship between self-compassion, resilience and risky behaviors in adolescents. The Second National Conference on Social Injuries, Ardabil 2019.
47-Wilson AC, Mackintosh K, Power K, Chan SWY. Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis .Mindfulness 2019; 10: 979.
48-Kolts RL. CFT made simple: a clinician's guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications 2016.
49-Goebel S, & Mehdorn HM. Fear of disease progression in adult ambulatory patients with brain cancer: prevalence and clinical correlates. Supportive Care in Cancer 2019; 27(9):3521-3529.
50-Sakeni Z, Farahani S, Eshaghi Moghaddam F, RafieePour A, Jafari T, Lotfi P. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Improving the Experience of Anger and Self-Compassion in Cancer Patients. Clinical Psychology Studies 2019; 9 (36): 1-23.
51-Barczak N, & Eklund RC. The moderating effect of self-compassion on relationships between performance and subsequent coping and motivation. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2018: 1-13.
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| Issue | Vol 14 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v14i1.14390 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Keywords: Resilience, mindfulness, self-compassion, mental strength. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Abedini M, Yaghobi Joibari A. The Relationship between Resilience and Mindfulness with Psychological Strength in Cancer Patients: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2023;14(1):59-69.
