Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Proton Therapy for Breast Cancer
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Abstract
Background: Beam therapy, the most common and successful treatment used after surgery, plays an important role in treating cancer. In proton therapy, proton beam (PB) particles irradiate the tumor. To enhance the treatment of breast tumors, gold nanoparticles (GNPS) can be injected into the tumor simultaneously as irradiating the PB.Methods: This paper aims to simulate the treatment of breast tumors by using PBs and injecting GNPs with different concentrations simultaneously. We introduced the breast phantom (BP), then we irradiated it with a proton pencil beam, which is also injected with GNPs simultaneously. We used the GEANT4/ GATE7 (G4/G7) code to show the enhancement of the absorbed dose in the tumor.Results: The findings of our simulations show that the location of the Bragg peak within the tumor shifts to higher depths with increasing energy. Also, by injecting GNPs in different amounts of 10, 25, 50, and 75 mg/ml with simultaneous irradiation of the PB, the rate of absorbed dose increases up to 1.75% compared to the non-injected state. Our results also show that the optimal range of proton energy that creates the Bragg peaks within the tumor is between 28 to 35 MeV, which causes the spread out of the Bragg peak. It should be noted that the amount of absorbed dose is affected by quantities such as total stopping power, average Coulomb scattering angle, CSDA range, and straggling range.Conclusion: This work offers new insights based on the use of GNPS in the treatment of breast cancer through proton therapy and indicates that adding GNPS is a promising strategy to increase the killing of cancer cells while irradiating fast PBs.In fact, the results of this study confirm the ability of GNPs to enhance treatment byincreasing the absorbed dose in breast tumors using proton therapy.
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2. Lacombe S, Porcel E and Scifoni E. Particle therapy and nanomedicine, state of art and research perspectives. Cancer Nano.2017: 8, 9.
3. Kuncic Z , Lacombe S. Nanoparticle radio-enhancement: principles, progress and application to cancer treatment, Phys. Med.Biol. 2018; (63) :02TR01 (27pp).
4. Kim JK, Seo SJ, Kim HT, Kim KH, Chung MH, Kim KR and YeSJ Enhanced proton treatment in mouse tumors through protonirradiated nanoradiator effects on metallic nanoparticles Phys.Med. Biol. 57 8309 .2012.
5. Lin Y, McMahon SJ, Scarpelli M, Paganetti H and Schuemann J. Comparing gold nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy with protons, megavoltage photons and kilovoltage photons: a MC simulation Phys. Med. Biol. 59 7675–89. 2014.
6. Lin Y, McMahon S J, Paganetti H and Schuemann J. Biologicalmodeling of gold nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy for proton therapy Phys. Med. Biol. 60 4149. 2015.
7. Butterworth KT, Wyer JA, Brennan-Fournet M, Latimer CJ, Shah MB, Currell FJ and Hirst D G Variation of strand break yield for plasmid DNA irradiated with High-Z metal nanoparticles Radiat. Res. 170 381–7.2008
8. Porcel E, Liehn S, Remita H, Usami N, Kobayashi K, Furusawa Y, Le SC and Lacombe S .Platinum nanoparticles: a promising material for future cancer therapy? Nanotechnology 21 085103. 2010.
9. Jain S et al . Gold nanoparticle cellular uptake, toxicity and radiosensitisation in hypoxic conditions Radiother. Oncol. 110 342–7. 2014.
10. Gao J and Zheng Y MC study of secondary electron production from gold nanoparticle in PBirradiation Int. J. Cancer Ther. Oncol. 2 ,1–7. 2014.
11. Kwon J et al Dose distribution of electrons from GNPS by PBirradiation Int. J. Med. Phys. Clin. Eng. Radiat. Oncol. 4 49. 2015.
12. Wayne D Newhauser and Rui Zhang, The physics of proton therapy, Phys. Med. Biol. 60 2015;(60):R155–R209.
13. Highland VL. Some practical remarks on multiple scattering. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 497499. 1975.
14. Ulmer W, Schaner B. Foundation of an analytical proton beamlet modelfor inclusion in a general proton dose calculation system. Radiation Physics andChemistry, vol. 80. 2011.
15. Schulte R et al . Conceptual design of a proton computed tomography system for applications in proton radiation therapy IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51 866–72. 2004
16. Boylestad LR , Nashelsky L. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall. 2012
17. Urban L. A model for multiple scattering in Geant4. Tech. Rep. 2006.
18. Salo J, Sallabi HME , Vainikainen P. Statistical Analysis of the Multiple Scattering Radio Channel. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation . Volume: 54, Issue: 11, Nov. 2006
19. Larose E , Planes T, Rossetto V, and Margerin L. Locating a small change in a multiple scattering environment Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 204101. 2010.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 1 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v13i1.8831 | |
| Keywords | ||
| cancer therapy proton nanoparticles range breast | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ariyabod E, Hosseini Motlagh SN, Mohammadi S. Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Proton Therapy for Breast Cancer. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2022;13(1):63-71.
