A study on the relationship between tumor size, tumor grade and lymph node involvement in canine mammary cancer: Simulation of tumor behavior in human breast cancer
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Abstract
Background: In the last two decades, canine mammary cancer has played an important role in human breast cancer research. In many cases, there are various similarities between the biological and clinical features of canine breast cancer and female breast cancer. Clinical studies and evaluation of prognostic parameters of canine mammary cancer can increase confidence in generalizing results for human cancers. This study was performed in the direction of comparative oncology. Methods: Clinical-pathological data from invasive type of canine mammary carcinoma were collected from clinical records and pathology reports. The parameters of age, tumor laterality, tumor size, lymph node status and tumor grade were recorded and the relationships between the parameters were evaluated using linear regression analysis. Results: 97 patients were included in the study and the mean age was 10.06 ± 2.73 years. 51% of the left mammary glands were involved and pT2 tumor size was the most common. Lymph nodes were involved in 27% of patients and 43% of tumors were grade I. Statistical analysis showed no statistical relationship between tumor size and laterality with other clinico-pathological features. However, there was a statistically significant relationship between tumor size and tumor grade and the condition of lymph nodes, so that with increasing tumor size, tumor grade increased and the likelihood of lymph node involvement increased. Conclusions: The results of this study are very similar to breast cancer in women and show that canine mammary carcinoma is a suitable model in comparative oncology research. Dogs live shorter than humans, so researchers can get the results of treatment and survival rate assessments faster in clinical trials. By observing ethical principles, dogs with breast cancer may replace phase I and II of human clinical trials in some types of cancer in the near future.
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PMID: 27234549.
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9.Vuger AT, Šeparović R, Vazdar L, Pavlović M, Lepetić P, Šitić S, Bajić Ž, Šarčević B, Vrbanec D. Characteristics
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12.Alonso-Diez Á, Ramos A, Roccabianca P, Barreno L, Pérez-Alenza MD, Tecilla M, Avallone G, Gama A, Peña L. Canine Spindle Cell Mammary Tumor: A Retrospective Study of 67 Cases. Vet Pathol. 2019 Jul;56(4):526-535.doi: 10.1177/0300985819829522. Epub 2019 Mar 11. PMID: 30857503.
13.Abdelmegeed SM, Mohammed S. Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease. Oncol Lett. 2018 Jun;15(6):8195-8205. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8411. Epub 2018 April 2. PMID: 29928319; PMCID: PMC6004712.
14.FoRobert J. Biologie de la métastase [Biology of cancermetastasis]. Bull Cancer. 2013 April 1;100(4):333-42.French. doi: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1724. PMID: 23587644.
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16.Alizadeh AM, Azizian S, Fayazi HR, Mousavi M-S, Nabavi SA. Mouse spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma as asuitable model of breast cancer in Iran. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 3(3&4):30-33.
17. de Araújo MR, Campos LC, Ferreira E, Cassali GD. Quantitation of the Regional Lymph Node Metastatic Burden and Prognosis in Malignant Mammary Tumors of Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):1360-7. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13576. Epub 2015 June 30. PMID: 26130166; PMCID:
PMC4858035.
18.Szczubiał M, Łopuszynski W. Prognostic value of regional lymph node status in canine mammary carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol. 2011 Dec;9(4):296-303. doi: 10.1111/j.1476- 5829.2011.00268.x. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID: 22077411.
19.Beha G, Brunetti B, Asproni P, Muscatello LV, Millanta F, Poli A, Sarli G, Benazzi C. Molecular portrait-basedcorrelation between primary canine mammary tumor andits lymph node metastasis: possible prognostic-predictive models and/or stronghold for specific treatments? BMC
Vet Res. 2012 Nov 12;8:219. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8- 219. PMID: 23146872; PMCID: PMC3538651.
20.Rasotto R, Berlato D, Goldschmidt MH, Zappulli V. Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases. Vet Pathol. 2017 Jul;54(4):571-578. doi: 10.1177/0300985817698208. Epub 2017 March 29. PMID:28355108.
21.Queiroga FL, Raposo T, Carvalho MI, Prada J, Pires I.Canine mammary tumours as a model to study humanbreast cancer: most recent findings. In Vivo. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):455-65. PMID: 21576423.
22.Rivera P, von Euler H. Molecular biological aspects on canine and human mammary tumors. Vet Pathol. 2011 Jan;48(1):132-46. doi: 10.1177/0300985810387939. Epub 2010 December 7. PMID: 21147766.
23.Chan MM, Tapia Rico G. The “pet effect” in cancer patients: Risks and benefits of human-pet interaction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019 Nov;143:56-61. doi: 10.1016/j. critrevonc.2019.08.004. Epub 2019 August 26. PMID: 31479836.
24.Kaszak I, Ruszczak A, Kanafa S, Kacprzak K, Król M, Jurka P. Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. Acta Vet Scand. 2018 Oct 29;60(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s13028-018- 0417-1. PMID: 30373614; PMCID: PMC6206704
25.Closed Clinical Trials [Available from: https://ccr.cancer. gov/comparative-oncology-program/closed-trials.
Canine Mammary Tumors as a Translational Model forHuman Breast Cancer. Front Oncol. 2020 April 28;10:617.
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00617. PMID: 32411603; PMCID:PMC7198768.
2.Shen ZZ. [Relation of tumor size, lymph node status andprognosis in breast cancer]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1991
Sep;29(9):554-7, 589. Chinese. PMID: 1813258.
3.Fitzgibbons PL, Connolly JL, Bose S, Chen YY, De BacaME, Edgerton M, Hayes DF, Hill KA, Lester SC, Simpson
JF, Simpson R. Protocol for the examination of resectionspecimens from patients with invasive carcinoma of the
breast. Journal of Breast Cancer. 2021;24(1):1-21.
4.Chen YC, Chen YY, Liao JW, Chang SC. Expression andprognostic value of c-met in canine mammary tumours.
Vet Comp Oncol. 2018 Dec;16(4):670-676. doi: 10.1111/vco.12439. Epub 2018 September 23. PMID: 30129270.
5.Chocteau F, Abadie J, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas
in Dogs and Cats. Part 1: Canine Mammary Carcinomas.Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:388. Published 2019 November 7.
doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00388
6.Canadas A, França M, Pereira C, Vilaça R, Vilhena H,Tinoco F, Silva MJ, Ribeiro J, Medeiros R, Oliveira P,Dias-Pereira P, Santos M. Canine Mammary Tumors:Comparison of Classification and Grading Methods in a
Survival Study. Vet Pathol. 2019 Mar;56(2):208-219. doi:10.1177/0300985818806968. Epub 2018 Oct 31. PMID:
30381007.
7.Araújo MR, Campos LC, Damasceno KA, Gamba CO,Ferreira E, Cassali GD. HER-2, EGFR, Cox-2 and Ki67
expression in lymph node metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas: Association with clinical-pathological parameters
and overall survival. Res Vet Sci. 2016 Jun;106:121- 30. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.020. Epub 2016 April 7.
PMID: 27234549.
8.Muhammadnejad A. Establishment of the Comparative Oncology Program in Iran. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 10(3):30-33.
9.Vuger AT, Šeparović R, Vazdar L, Pavlović M, Lepetić P, Šitić S, Bajić Ž, Šarčević B, Vrbanec D. Characteristics
and Prognosis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients:a Croatian Single Institution Retrospective Cohort Study.
Acta Clinica Croatica. 2020 Mar;59(1):97.
10.Carter CL, Allen C, Henson DE. Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer. 1989 Jan 1;63(1):181-7.doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890101)63:1<181::aid-cncr2820630129>3.0.co;2-h. PMID: 2910416.
11.Sopik V, Narod SA. The relationship between tumour size,nodal status and distant metastases: on the origins of breastcancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018 Aug;170(3):647-656. doi: 10.1007/s10549-018-4796-9. Epub 2018 April 24. PMID: 29693227; PMCID: PMC6022519.
12.Alonso-Diez Á, Ramos A, Roccabianca P, Barreno L, Pérez-Alenza MD, Tecilla M, Avallone G, Gama A, Peña L. Canine Spindle Cell Mammary Tumor: A Retrospective Study of 67 Cases. Vet Pathol. 2019 Jul;56(4):526-535.doi: 10.1177/0300985819829522. Epub 2019 Mar 11. PMID: 30857503.
13.Abdelmegeed SM, Mohammed S. Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease. Oncol Lett. 2018 Jun;15(6):8195-8205. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8411. Epub 2018 April 2. PMID: 29928319; PMCID: PMC6004712.
14.FoRobert J. Biologie de la métastase [Biology of cancermetastasis]. Bull Cancer. 2013 April 1;100(4):333-42.French. doi: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1724. PMID: 23587644.
15.lkman J. Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis.Semin Oncol. 2002 Dec;29(6 Suppl 16):15-8. doi:10.1053/sonc.2002.37263. PMID: 12516034.
16.Alizadeh AM, Azizian S, Fayazi HR, Mousavi M-S, Nabavi SA. Mouse spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma as asuitable model of breast cancer in Iran. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 3(3&4):30-33.
17. de Araújo MR, Campos LC, Ferreira E, Cassali GD. Quantitation of the Regional Lymph Node Metastatic Burden and Prognosis in Malignant Mammary Tumors of Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):1360-7. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13576. Epub 2015 June 30. PMID: 26130166; PMCID:
PMC4858035.
18.Szczubiał M, Łopuszynski W. Prognostic value of regional lymph node status in canine mammary carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol. 2011 Dec;9(4):296-303. doi: 10.1111/j.1476- 5829.2011.00268.x. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID: 22077411.
19.Beha G, Brunetti B, Asproni P, Muscatello LV, Millanta F, Poli A, Sarli G, Benazzi C. Molecular portrait-basedcorrelation between primary canine mammary tumor andits lymph node metastasis: possible prognostic-predictive models and/or stronghold for specific treatments? BMC
Vet Res. 2012 Nov 12;8:219. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8- 219. PMID: 23146872; PMCID: PMC3538651.
20.Rasotto R, Berlato D, Goldschmidt MH, Zappulli V. Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases. Vet Pathol. 2017 Jul;54(4):571-578. doi: 10.1177/0300985817698208. Epub 2017 March 29. PMID:28355108.
21.Queiroga FL, Raposo T, Carvalho MI, Prada J, Pires I.Canine mammary tumours as a model to study humanbreast cancer: most recent findings. In Vivo. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):455-65. PMID: 21576423.
22.Rivera P, von Euler H. Molecular biological aspects on canine and human mammary tumors. Vet Pathol. 2011 Jan;48(1):132-46. doi: 10.1177/0300985810387939. Epub 2010 December 7. PMID: 21147766.
23.Chan MM, Tapia Rico G. The “pet effect” in cancer patients: Risks and benefits of human-pet interaction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019 Nov;143:56-61. doi: 10.1016/j. critrevonc.2019.08.004. Epub 2019 August 26. PMID: 31479836.
24.Kaszak I, Ruszczak A, Kanafa S, Kacprzak K, Król M, Jurka P. Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. Acta Vet Scand. 2018 Oct 29;60(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s13028-018- 0417-1. PMID: 30373614; PMCID: PMC6206704
25.Closed Clinical Trials [Available from: https://ccr.cancer. gov/comparative-oncology-program/closed-trials.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v12i4.7983 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Canine mammary carcinoma Tumor size Tumor grade Lymph node status comparative oncology | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rismanchi S, Mortazavi P, Muhammadnejad S. A study on the relationship between tumor size, tumor grade and lymph node involvement in canine mammary cancer: Simulation of tumor behavior in human breast cancer. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2021;12(4):177-183.
