Major Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Northeast of Iran: Evidence from a Case-Control Study
-
Fatemeh Homaei Shandiz
,
Alireza Pasdar
,
Fahimeh Afzaljavan
,
Zohre Takalluo
,
Malihe Hasanzadeh Mofrad
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is known to be a preventable cancer in which various risk factors play role in increasing the risk of the disease. In this study, we have assessed different risk factors involved in invasive cervical cancer in Northeast of Iran. Methods: In a case control study, 100 patients with advanced cervical cancer were compared to 100 healthy, normal women. In addition, 100 cases of prisoner women who had a high risk profile for cervical cancer were also investigated. Cervical risk factors for these groups were documented using a questionnaire and available medical notes. Univariate analysis was done for each risk factor followed by a multivariate regression analysis to evaluate the most powerful risk factors after adjustment. Result: Age of first intercourse ≤16 (P<0.001)[OR= 4.18, 95% CI (2.32-7.54)], sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (P<0.001) [OR=8.59,95% CI (4.25-17.37)], passive smoking (P<0.01) [OR= 2.35, 95% CI (1.17-4.72)], smoking (P<0.01) [OR=10.33, 95% CI (2.32-46.17)], age of first pregnancy ≤17 years (P<0.001) [OR= 3.37, 95% CI (1.79-6.33)] were strongly related to the occurrence of cervical cancer. However, STD remained statistically significant (P<0.01) after adjustment.
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16. Flores YN, Bishai DM, Shah KV, Lazcano-Ponce E, Lörincz A, Hernández M, Ferris D, Salmerón J. Risk factors for cervical cancer among HPV positive women in Mexico. salud pública de méxico. 2008;50:49-58.
17. Kahn JA, Lan D, Kahn RS. Sociodemographic factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Obstetrics & gynecology. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):87-95.
18. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, Dinan M, McBroom AJ, Hasselblad V, Sanders GD, Myers ER. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2013 Nov 1;22(11):1931-43.
19. Nojomi M, Gilani M, Erfani A, Mozafari N, Mottaghi A. The study of frequency of risk factors of cervical cancer among women attending general hospitals in Tehran, 2005-2006. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007 Nov 10;14(56):189-95.
20. Poorolajal J, Jenabi E. The association between BMI and cervical cancer risk: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2016 May 1;25(3):232-8.
21. José Alberto FM. Smoking and cervical cancer. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011 Jul 14;2011.
22. Dugué PA, Rebolj M, Garred P, Lynge E. Immunosuppression and risk of cervical cancer. Expert review of anticancer therapy. 2013 Jan 1;13(1):29-42.
23. Franceschi S, Plummer M, Clifford G, De Sanjose S, Bosch X, Herrero R, Munoz N, Vaccarella S. Differences in the risk of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus infection by education level. British journal of cancer. 2009 Sep;101(5):865-70.
2. Organization WH. Global burden of disease report: Causes of death in 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
3. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Herrero R, Munoz N, Snijders PJ, Clifford GM, Smith JS, Lazcano-Ponce E, Sukvirach S, Shin HR, de Sanjosé S. Sexual behavior, condom use, and human papillomavirus: pooled analysis of the IARC human papillomavirus prevalence surveys. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2006 Feb 1;15(2):326-33.
4. Zarchi MK, Akhavan A, Gholami H, Dehghani A, Naghshi M, Mohseni F. Evaluation of cervical cancer risk-factors in women referred to Yazd-Iran hospitals from 2002 to 2009. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2010 Jan 1;11:537-8.
5. Ngoma M, Autier P. Cancer prevention: cervical cancer. ecancermedicalscience. 2019;13.
6. Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Cervical cancer in Iran: integrative insights of epidemiological analysis. BioMedicine. 2018 Sep;8(3).
7. Riahi S, Mokhtari AM, Vali M, Abdzadeh E, Mohseni S, Salehiniya H, Hassanipour S. Incidence and mortality rate of cervix cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2019;5(1):1-7.
8. Gayed M, Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Clarke AE, Gordon C. Lupus and cancer. Lupus. 2009 May;18(6):479-85.
9. Green J, De Gonzalez AB, Sweetland S, Beral V, Chilvers C, Crossley B, Deacon J, Hermon C, Jha P, Mant D, Peto J. Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged 20–44 years: the UK National Case–Control Study of Cervical Cancer. British journal of cancer. 2003 Dec;89(11):2078-86.
10. Köse FM, Naki MM. Cervical premalignant lesions and their management. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 2014;15(2):109.
11. Khorasanizadeh F, Hassanloo J, Khaksar N, Taheri SM, Marzaban M, Rashidi BH, Sari AA, Zendehdel K. Epidemiology of cervical cancer and human papilloma virus infection among Iranian women—Analyses of national data and systematic review of the literature. Gynecologic oncology. 2013 Feb 1;128(2):277-81.
12. Farshbaf-Khalili A, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Shahnazi M, Yaghoubi S, Gahremani-Nasab P. Cervical cancer screening in women referred to healthcare centres in Tabriz, Iran. Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association. 2015 Jan;56(1):28.
13. Mohaghegh F, Ahmadlou M. A Study of the Prevalence of Cervical Cancer among Married Wemon in Arak, 2013. Journal of Arak university of Medical Sciences. 2015 Jul 10;18(4):65-70.
14. Vaisy A, Lotfinejad S, Zhian F. Risk of cancer with combined oral contraceptive use among Iranian women. Asian pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2014;15(14):5517-22.
15. Rostad B, Schei B, Da Costa F. Risk factors for cervical cancer in Mozambican women. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics. 2003;80(1):63-5.
16. Flores YN, Bishai DM, Shah KV, Lazcano-Ponce E, Lörincz A, Hernández M, Ferris D, Salmerón J. Risk factors for cervical cancer among HPV positive women in Mexico. salud pública de méxico. 2008;50:49-58.
17. Kahn JA, Lan D, Kahn RS. Sociodemographic factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Obstetrics & gynecology. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):87-95.
18. Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, Dinan M, McBroom AJ, Hasselblad V, Sanders GD, Myers ER. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2013 Nov 1;22(11):1931-43.
19. Nojomi M, Gilani M, Erfani A, Mozafari N, Mottaghi A. The study of frequency of risk factors of cervical cancer among women attending general hospitals in Tehran, 2005-2006. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007 Nov 10;14(56):189-95.
20. Poorolajal J, Jenabi E. The association between BMI and cervical cancer risk: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2016 May 1;25(3):232-8.
21. José Alberto FM. Smoking and cervical cancer. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011 Jul 14;2011.
22. Dugué PA, Rebolj M, Garred P, Lynge E. Immunosuppression and risk of cervical cancer. Expert review of anticancer therapy. 2013 Jan 1;13(1):29-42.
23. Franceschi S, Plummer M, Clifford G, De Sanjose S, Bosch X, Herrero R, Munoz N, Vaccarella S. Differences in the risk of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus infection by education level. British journal of cancer. 2009 Sep;101(5):865-70.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v12i2.5754 | |
| Keywords | ||
| cervical cancer Sexually transmitted diseases risk factors sexual behavior | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Homaei Shandiz F, Pasdar A, Afzaljavan F, Takalluo Z, Hasanzadeh Mofrad M. Major Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Northeast of Iran: Evidence from a Case-Control Study. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2021;12(2):91-97.
