Water-pipe as a Risk Factor for Genital Warts? A Case Report
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. HPV infection can cause some types of cancer including female genital cancers (cervical cancer, vulvar) and male genital cancer as well as oropharyngeal cancers and genital warts. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor of cervical cancer or genital warts.Case presentation: This case report present a young woman who developed extensive genital warts a year after starting water-pipe smoking. These genital warts healed spontaneously after cessation of water-pipe smoking.Conclusion: The primary hypothesis that could be propounded, is that water-pipe smoke plays a role as an independent risk factor in developing genital warts, similar to cigarette smoke. In addition, water pipe smking may transmit different infections, including HPV infection through sharing the mouth tips of the water pipe between the users.
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Tchernev G. Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infec¬tions: epidemiology pathogenesis, clinic, morphology, im¬portant differential diagnostic aspects, current diagnostic and treatment options. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2009;84(4):377-89.
Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, Soerjomataram I, Lo¬rtet-Tieulent J, Bruni L, et al. Global burden of human pap¬illomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F12-23.
Chelimo C, Wouldes TA, Cameron LD, Elwood JM. Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. The Journal of infection. 2013;66(3):207-17.
Bruni L AG, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARC
Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related
Diseases in Iran. 2018 10 December 2018. Report No.
Steben M, Garland SM. Genital warts. Best practice & re¬search Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2014;28(7):1063- 73.
Das R, Mishra V, Sharma N, Khurana N. HUMAN PAPIL¬LOMAVIRUS AND ITS NATURE OF INFECTION: AN OVERVIEW. 2018. 2018:5.
Franceschi S, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Gajalakshmi V, Sharmila A, Snijders PJ, et al. Human papillomavirus and risk factors for cervical cancer in Chennai, India: a case-control study. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2003;107(1):127-33.
Shields TS, Brinton LA, Burk RD, Wang SS, Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG, et al. A case-control study of risk factors for invasive cervical cancer among U.S. women exposed to oncogenic types of human papillomavirus. Cancer ep¬idemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cospon¬sored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2004;13(10):1574-82.
Rodriguez O, Kovarik CL. Immunostaining for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Condyloma Lesions in Immuno¬compromised Patients. American journal of clinical derma¬tology. 2017;18(3):413-7.
Vinodhini K, Shanmughapriya S, Das BC, Nataraja¬seenivasan K. Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among women from various provinces of the world. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(3):771-7.
Wiley DJ, Elashoff D, Masongsong EV, Harper DM, Gylys KH, Silverberg MJ, et al. Smoking enhances risk for new ex¬ternal genital warts in men. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(3):1215-34.
Duval X, Baron G, Garelik D, Villes V, Dupre T, Leport C, et al. Living with HIV, antiretroviral treatment experience and tobacco smoking: results from a multisite cross-sectional study. Antiviral therapy. 2008;13(3):389-97.
Drope J. Tobacco Atlas: American Cancer Society, Incorpo¬rated; 2018.
Maziak W. The waterpipe: an emerging global risk for can¬cer. Cancer epidemiology. 2013;37(1):1-4.
Nemati S, Rafei A, Freedman ND, Fotouhi A, Asgary F, Zendehdel K. Cigarette and Water-Pipe Use in Iran: Geo¬graphical Distribution and Time Trends among the Adult Population; A Pooled Analysis of National STEPS Surveys, 2006-2009. Arch Iran Med. 2017;20(5):295-301.
Cobb C, Ward KD, Maziak W, Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States. American journal of health behavior. 2010;34(3):275-85.
Primack BA, Carroll MV, Weiss PM, Shihadeh AL, Shen¬sa A, Farley ST, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of inhaled toxicants from waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(1):76-85.
TobReg Advisory Note: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators, (2018).
Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI. Levels of maximum end-ex¬piratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular param¬eters following hubble-bubble smoking. Saudi Medical Jour¬nal. 2002;23(8):953-8.
Moralejo D. Smoking increased risk of cervical cancer, inde¬pendent of infection with high-risk HPV typesCommentary. Evidence-based nursing. 2009;12(4):122-.
Hansen BT, Hagerup-Jenssen M, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Tryg¬gvadottir L, Sparen P, et al. Association between smoking and genital warts: longitudinal analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86(4):258-62.
Kaderli R, Schnuriger B, Brugger LE. The impact of smoking on HPV infection and the development of anogenital warts. International journal of colorectal disease. 2014;29(8):899- 908.
Szarewski A, Jarvis MJ, Sasieni P, Anderson M, Edwards R, Steele SJ, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on cervical lesion size. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):941-3.
Smith SY, Curbow B, Stillman FA. Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nic¬otine and Tobacco. 2007;9(9):977-82.
Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Gray JN, Srinivas V, Wilson N, Maziak W. Characteristics of U.S. waterpipe users: a pre¬liminary report. Nicotine & tobacco research : official jour¬nal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2007;9(12):1339-46.
Ghafouri N, Hirsch JD, Heydari G, Morello CM, Kuo GM, Singh RF. Waterpipe smoking among health sciences uni¬versity students in Iran: perceptions, practices and patterns of use. BMC research notes. 2011;4:496.
Ziaei R, Mohammadi R, Dastgiri S, Viitasara E, Rahimi VA, Jeddi A, et al. The Prevalence, Attitudes, and Correlates of Waterpipe Smoking Among High School Students in Iran: a Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of behavioral medicine. 2016;23(6):686-96.
Tchernev G. Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infec¬tions: epidemiology pathogenesis, clinic, morphology, im¬portant differential diagnostic aspects, current diagnostic and treatment options. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2009;84(4):377-89.
Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, Soerjomataram I, Lo¬rtet-Tieulent J, Bruni L, et al. Global burden of human pap¬illomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F12-23.
Chelimo C, Wouldes TA, Cameron LD, Elwood JM. Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. The Journal of infection. 2013;66(3):207-17.
Bruni L AG, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARC
Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related
Diseases in Iran. 2018 10 December 2018. Report No.
Steben M, Garland SM. Genital warts. Best practice & re¬search Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2014;28(7):1063- 73.
Das R, Mishra V, Sharma N, Khurana N. HUMAN PAPIL¬LOMAVIRUS AND ITS NATURE OF INFECTION: AN OVERVIEW. 2018. 2018:5.
Franceschi S, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Gajalakshmi V, Sharmila A, Snijders PJ, et al. Human papillomavirus and risk factors for cervical cancer in Chennai, India: a case-control study. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2003;107(1):127-33.
Shields TS, Brinton LA, Burk RD, Wang SS, Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG, et al. A case-control study of risk factors for invasive cervical cancer among U.S. women exposed to oncogenic types of human papillomavirus. Cancer ep¬idemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cospon¬sored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2004;13(10):1574-82.
Rodriguez O, Kovarik CL. Immunostaining for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Condyloma Lesions in Immuno¬compromised Patients. American journal of clinical derma¬tology. 2017;18(3):413-7.
Vinodhini K, Shanmughapriya S, Das BC, Nataraja¬seenivasan K. Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among women from various provinces of the world. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(3):771-7.
Wiley DJ, Elashoff D, Masongsong EV, Harper DM, Gylys KH, Silverberg MJ, et al. Smoking enhances risk for new ex¬ternal genital warts in men. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(3):1215-34.
Duval X, Baron G, Garelik D, Villes V, Dupre T, Leport C, et al. Living with HIV, antiretroviral treatment experience and tobacco smoking: results from a multisite cross-sectional study. Antiviral therapy. 2008;13(3):389-97.
Drope J. Tobacco Atlas: American Cancer Society, Incorpo¬rated; 2018.
Maziak W. The waterpipe: an emerging global risk for can¬cer. Cancer epidemiology. 2013;37(1):1-4.
Nemati S, Rafei A, Freedman ND, Fotouhi A, Asgary F, Zendehdel K. Cigarette and Water-Pipe Use in Iran: Geo¬graphical Distribution and Time Trends among the Adult Population; A Pooled Analysis of National STEPS Surveys, 2006-2009. Arch Iran Med. 2017;20(5):295-301.
Cobb C, Ward KD, Maziak W, Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States. American journal of health behavior. 2010;34(3):275-85.
Primack BA, Carroll MV, Weiss PM, Shihadeh AL, Shen¬sa A, Farley ST, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of inhaled toxicants from waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(1):76-85.
TobReg Advisory Note: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators, (2018).
Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI. Levels of maximum end-ex¬piratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular param¬eters following hubble-bubble smoking. Saudi Medical Jour¬nal. 2002;23(8):953-8.
Moralejo D. Smoking increased risk of cervical cancer, inde¬pendent of infection with high-risk HPV typesCommentary. Evidence-based nursing. 2009;12(4):122-.
Hansen BT, Hagerup-Jenssen M, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Tryg¬gvadottir L, Sparen P, et al. Association between smoking and genital warts: longitudinal analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86(4):258-62.
Kaderli R, Schnuriger B, Brugger LE. The impact of smoking on HPV infection and the development of anogenital warts. International journal of colorectal disease. 2014;29(8):899- 908.
Szarewski A, Jarvis MJ, Sasieni P, Anderson M, Edwards R, Steele SJ, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on cervical lesion size. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):941-3.
Smith SY, Curbow B, Stillman FA. Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nic¬otine and Tobacco. 2007;9(9):977-82.
Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Gray JN, Srinivas V, Wilson N, Maziak W. Characteristics of U.S. waterpipe users: a pre¬liminary report. Nicotine & tobacco research : official jour¬nal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2007;9(12):1339-46.
Ghafouri N, Hirsch JD, Heydari G, Morello CM, Kuo GM, Singh RF. Waterpipe smoking among health sciences uni¬versity students in Iran: perceptions, practices and patterns of use. BMC research notes. 2011;4:496.
Ziaei R, Mohammadi R, Dastgiri S, Viitasara E, Rahimi VA, Jeddi A, et al. The Prevalence, Attitudes, and Correlates of Waterpipe Smoking Among High School Students in Iran: a Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of behavioral medicine. 2016;23(6):686-96.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Case Reports | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/bccr.v11i3.5718 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Waterpipe tobaco smoking Genital pipes HPV Hooka Nargileh | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghaemdoust F, Nahvijou A, Farzaneh F. Water-pipe as a Risk Factor for Genital Warts? A Case Report. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2019;11(3):142-146.
