Tehran University of Medical Sciences Basic & Clinical Cancer Research 2228-6527 15 1 2024 01 13 9 17 Kimia Shekarian Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Arash Abdolmaleki Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin,Iran. Aida Nahumi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Asadollah Asadi university of mohaghegh ardabili Hussein A. Ghanimi 1. Presidency of University of Kerbala, Province of Karbala, Iraq 2.College of Nursing, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq Deepak Bhattacharya Ph.D.,Cancer Nursing, At Fight-Cancer at Home, Medicinal Toxicology & QC, At : Sri Radha Krishna RaasMandir, KedarGouri Road, Bhubaneswar–751002,Odisa, India. 2023 06 24 2023 11 11 Background: Stem cells play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration due to their self-renewal properties. In recent years, the use of stem cells as an important and valuable treatment method has created a new hope for the treatment of diseases and disorders that were previously difficult to treat. In this review article, the introduction of stem cells and their capabilities for treatment, as well as the sources of stem cells and the use of these sources for the treatment of diseases, including the treatment of leukemia, have been discussed. Material and Methods: Extensive search in Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to the article and review of various articles published between 1957 and 2022 about stem cells and the use of these cells to treat diseases.  Results: Recently, it has been proven that hematopoietic stem cells can be produced from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells can make different blood cells. These findings help medical science in the treatment of various types of blood cancer. Also, during the conducted research, it has been determined that induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) can be used in the treatment of various diseases, including leukemia.NOTCH, Wnt, TGF-B1 signaling pathways play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Evidence shows that cancer stem cells have a high ability to create tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells has been reported in some patients, including those with acute myeloid leukemia.Also, the results of research conducted in recent years show that the SALL4 gene can be used in the treatment of leukemia. Conclusions: The results of various researches show that treatment with stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, can be a suitable method for treating patients with leukemia. https://bccr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/bccrj/article/view/485